{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:38:34Z","timestamp":1790026714473,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T17:34:13Z","timestamp":1603388053000},"page":"e0239991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Cats shedding pathogenic Leptospira spp.\u2014An underestimated zoonotic risk?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7508-5411","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roswitha","family":"Dorsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7869-4095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadita","family":"Collado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camillo","family":"Tomckowiack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Tejeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2100-6594","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ananda","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Eberhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henricus L. B. M.","family":"Klaasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0239991.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-7682-6-23","article-title":"Incidence of Leptospirosis infection in the East Zone of Sao Paulo City, Brazil","volume":"6","author":"KE Miyazato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Arch Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0239991.ref002","first-page":"186","article-title":"Recognition and management of rodent-borne infectious disease outbreaks after heavy rainfall and flooding","volume":"166","author":"JH Diaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J La State Med Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0239991.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7242","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110707242","article-title":"Increasing incidence of canine leptospirosis in Switzerland","volume":"11","author":"A Major","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.01.031","article-title":"Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004\u20132012","volume":"157","author":"D Benacer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0239991.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007499","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007499","article-title":"Leptospira infection in rats: A literature review of global prevalence and distribution","volume":"13","author":"K Boey","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0239991.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12233","article-title":"Leptospirosis in cattle: a challenging scenario for the understanding of the epidemiology","volume":"61","author":"W Lilenbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0239991.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10770","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111010770","article-title":"Animal leptospirosis in Latin America and the Caribbean countries: reported outbreaks and literature review (2002\u20132014)","volume":"11","author":"J Petrakovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0239991.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1976.tb06986.x","article-title":"Leptospirosis in a British domestic cat","volume":"17","author":"DG Bryson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0239991.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5748","article-title":"Clinical leptospirosis in three cats (2001\u20132009)","volume":"48","author":"J Arbour","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0239991.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13058","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0361","article-title":"Evidence of interspecies transmission of pathogenic Leptospira between livestock and a domestic cat dwelling in a dairy cattle farm","volume":"80","author":"J Ojeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0239991.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1324","article-title":"Serological and PCR detection of feline leptospira in southern Taiwan","volume":"14","author":"KW Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0239991.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12287","article-title":"Serologic and urinary PCR survey of leptospirosis in healthy cats and in cats with kidney disease","volume":"28","author":"J Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0239991.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00900.x","article-title":"The prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in free roaming cats in Worcester County, Massachusetts","volume":"26","author":"JE Markovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0239991.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16634389","article-title":"Detection of Leptospira DNA in urine and presence of specific antibodies in outdoor cats in Germany","volume":"19","author":"S Weis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0239991.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13110","article-title":"Leptospira infection and shedding in cats in Thailand","volume":"66","author":"F Sprissler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0239991.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051600","article-title":"Leptospira Detection in Cats in Spain by Serology and Molecular Techniques","volume":"17","author":"A Murillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0239991.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.19.615","article-title":"Leptospiral seroepidemiology in a feline hospital population in Greece","volume":"156","author":"ME Mylonakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0239991.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/ani4040612","article-title":"Leptospira spp. in Domestic Cats from Different Environments: Prevalence of Antibodies and Risk Factors Associated with the Seropositivity","volume":"4","author":"L Azocar-Aedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0239991.ref019","first-page":"111","article-title":"Laboratory and clinical features of experimental feline leptospirosis","volume":"12","author":"CE Larsson","year":"1985","journal-title":"International journal of zoonoses"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0239991.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0230048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230048","article-title":"First report of pathogenic Leptospira spp. isolated from urine and kidneys of naturally infected cats","volume":"15","author":"AR Alashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0239991.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6666","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110706666","article-title":"Leptospira contamination in household and environmental water in rural communities in southern Chile","volume":"11","author":"C Munoz-Zanzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref022","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control. 2003. World Health Organization 2003. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/42667"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0239991.ref023","first-page":"530","article-title":"Leptospirosis frequency and socio-demographic characteristics associated in febrile patients from northern Per\u00fa","volume":"32","author":"H Silva-D\u00edaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Chilena Infectol"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-10182012000700009","article-title":"Prevalence of leptospirosis in adults in Chile, 2003","volume":"29","author":"S Terrazas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Chil Infectol"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref025","first-page":"27","article-title":"Caracterizaci\u00f3n de la poblaci\u00f3n de gatos en viviendas de la ciudad de Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile","volume":"21","author":"MA Morales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avances en Ciencias Veterinarias"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0239991.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.014","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. through TaqMan polymerase chain reaction targeting the LipL32 gene","volume":"64","author":"RA Stoddard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn Microb Inf Dis"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0369-x","article-title":"Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjoprajitno from a calf with clinical leptospirosis in Chile","volume":"11","author":"M Salgado","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref028","article-title":"Analytical evaluation of an immunomagnetic separation-PCR assay to detect pathogenic Leptospira in cattle urine samples obtained under field conditions","author":"C Tomckowiack","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref029","volume-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","author":"S Faine","year":"1999","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-3-251","article-title":"A novel real-time PCR assay for specific detection and quantification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk with the inherent possibility of differentiation between viable and dead cells","volume":"3","author":"M Dzieciol","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0239991.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000056","article-title":"A dominant clone of Leptospira interrogans associated with an outbreak of human leptospirosis in Thailand","volume":"1","author":"J Thaipadungpanit","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0239991.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref033","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2008). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.35566\/power","volume-title":"Practical statistical Power analysis using Webpower and R","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0239991.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170130","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of Leptospira interrogans from southern Brazil: genetic features of a highly virulent strain","volume":"113","author":"S Jorge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0239991.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.102","article-title":"Leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses","volume":"5","author":"KV Evangelista","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0239991.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.5","article-title":"Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita?","volume":"15","author":"M Picardeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0239991.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.101050","article-title":"Typhoon-related leptospirosis and melioidosis, Taiwan, 2009","volume":"17","author":"HP Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0239991.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64885-9","article-title":"Refractometric determination of total solids and water of serum and urine","volume":"225","author":"ME Rubini","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5943","article-title":"UTIs in small animal patients: Part 1: Etiology and pathogenesis","volume":"49","author":"N Smee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0239991.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"PN Levett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0239991.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1089\/hyb.2008.0029","article-title":"An immunomagnetic separation-PCR method for detection of pathogenic Leptospira in biological fluids","volume":"27","author":"CP Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hybridoma (Larchmt)"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-2656(00)05033-X","article-title":"Biotechnical use of polymerase chain reaction for microbiological analysis of biological samples","volume":"5","author":"PG Lantz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biotechnol Annu Rev"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20020","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20020","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing revealed host adaptation-focused genomic plasticity of pathogenic Leptospira","volume":"6","author":"Y Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0239991.ref045","first-page":"395","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis among Town Service Workers in Northeastern State of Malaysia","volume":"4","author":"MN Shafei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Collab Res Intern Med Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0239991.ref046","first-page":"276","article-title":"Seroprevalence and molecular detection of leptospirosis from a dog shelter","volume":"33","author":"KH Khor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0239991.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1400-1","article-title":"Determination of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Javanica and Leptospira interrogans serovar Bataviae as the persistent Leptospira serovars circulating in the urban rat populations in Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"9","author":"D Benacer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0341-9","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in dogs from rural and slum communities of Los Rios Region, Chile","volume":"11","author":"M Lelu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref049","article-title":"Meta-Analyses of Factors Associated with Leptospirosis in Domestic Dogs","author":"L Azocar-Aedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zoonoses and public health"},{"key":"pone.0239991.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872005000400005","article-title":"Prevalencia y presencia de factores de riesgo de leptospirosis en una poblaci\u00f3n de riesgo de la Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana","volume":"133","author":"PC Perret","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev M\u00e9d Chile"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0239991.ref051","first-page":"161","article-title":"Prevalence of feline leptospirosis: serologic survey and attempts of isolation and demonstration of the agent","volume":"11","author":"CE Larsson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Zoonoses"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0239991.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0181-6","article-title":"Molecular and serological characterization of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola isolated from dogs, swine, and bovine in Brazil","volume":"45","author":"F Miraglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0239991.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13489217","article-title":"Leptospira species infection in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management","volume":"15","author":"K Hartmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0239991.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.4.597","article-title":"Risk factors associated with antibodies to leptospires in inner-city residents of Baltimore: a protective role for cats","volume":"82","author":"JE Childs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239991","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T11:03:10Z","timestamp":1696935790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239991"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kalimuthusamy","family":"Natarajaseenivasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239991","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]}}}