{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T20:09:28Z","timestamp":1768421368912,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T18:44:49Z","timestamp":1602787489000},"page":"e0240242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characterization of Campylobacter associated gastric enteritis among patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in a hospital in Accra, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6398-3118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Akua Obeng","family":"Forson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Nana","family":"Adjei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Olu-Taiwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjorie Ntiwaa","family":"Quarchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry Richard","family":"Asmah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0240242.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00200","article-title":"Campylobacter spp. as a Foodborne Pathogen: A Review","volume":"2","author":"J Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0240242.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0676","article-title":"Poultry as a host for the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"12","author":"D Hermans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0240242.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S285","DOI":"10.1086\/381598","article-title":"Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection in the United States: A case-control study in FoodNet sites","volume":"38","author":"CR Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0240242.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1086\/319760","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni Infections: Update on Emerging Issues and Trends","volume":"32","author":"D Acheson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0240242.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1086\/591530","article-title":"Campylobacter Bacteremia: Clinical Features and Factors Associated with Fatal Outcome","volume":"47","author":"J Pacanowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0240242.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181f2638d","article-title":"Campylobacter Bacteremia: Clinical Characteristics, Incidence, and Outcome Over 23 Years","volume":"89","author":"A Fern\u00e1ndez-Cruz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0240242.ref007","first-page":"598","article-title":"Incidence of campylobacteriosis among patients with AIDS in Los Angeles County","volume":"4","author":"FJ Sorvillo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref008","first-page":"437","article-title":"The changing patterns of Campylobacter jejuni\/coli in Lagos, Nigeria after ten years","volume":"71","author":"AO Coker","year":"1994","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/456573","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from cattle, sheep, and free-range poultry faeces","author":"B Oporto","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0240242.ref010","first-page":"81","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities of thermophilic Campylobacter from humans, swine, and chicken broilers","volume":"70","author":"E Gu\u00e9vremont","year":"2006","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0240242.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm300","article-title":"Macrolide-resistant Campylobacter: the meat of the matter","volume":"60","author":"AE Belanger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0240242.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00935.x","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli","volume":"277","author":"DA Alfredson","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0240242.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.4.2.189","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter: emergence, transmission and persistence","volume":"4","author":"T Luangtongkum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1496","article-title":"The community summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in the European union in 2008","volume":"8","author":"EFSA","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0240242.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-15","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection","volume":"28","author":"NO Kaakoush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0240242.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059663","article-title":"Campylobacter infectin in children in Malawi is common and is frequently associated with enteric virus co-infection","volume":"8","author":"J Mason","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0240242.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-17","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of Campylobacter infection among under five children with acute watery diarrhea in Mwanza, North Tanzania","volume":"72","author":"A Deogratias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref018","unstructured":"KBTH. (Korle Bu Teaching Hospital). Source: http:\/\/wwwkbthgovgh\/. 2017."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0240242.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph5040213","article-title":"Pathogenic microorganisms associated with childhood diarrhea in low-and-middle income countries: case study of Yaound\u00e9\u2014Cameroon","volume":"5","author":"HBN Yongsi","year":"2008","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0240242.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v79i8.8829","article-title":"Role of Campylobacter jejuni\/coli in diarrhoea in Ile-Ife, Nigeria","volume":"79","author":"AO Aboderin","year":"2002","journal-title":"East African medical journal"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2017.71001","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter Isolated from Patients with Gastroenteritis in a Teaching Hospital in Ghana","volume":"7","author":"AB Karikari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/EBK1439825488","volume-title":"Bayesian Adaptive Methods for Clinical Trials","author":"SM Berry","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0240242.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.07.001","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter from broilers: associated with the production type and antimicrobial use","volume":"96","author":"L Avrain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref024","volume-title":"Approved Stardard - 12th Ed. CLSI documents MO2\u201312","author":"CLSI","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref025","unstructured":"EUCAST. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 7.1. Source: http:\/\/wwweucastorg\/fileadmin\/src\/media\/PDFs\/EUCAST_files\/Breakpoint_tables\/v_71_Breakpoint_Tablespdf. 2017."},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4744-4747.2002","article-title":"Colony multiplex PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari,C. upsaliensis, and C. fetus subsp. fetus","volume":"40","author":"G Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki040","article-title":"Tetracycline resistance of Australian Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates","volume":"55","author":"A Pratt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0240242.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05354.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance genes in Campylobacter strains isolated from poultry and pigs in Australia","volume":"113","author":"AS Obeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of applied microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.3620370511","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of the Staphylococcus aureus transposon, Tn5405, carrying aminoglycosides resistance genes","volume":"37","author":"A Derbise","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Basic Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.963","article-title":"Detection of gyrA mutation among clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni isolated in Egypt by MAMA-PCR","volume":"4","author":"MM Said","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Cntries"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0240242.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805004164","article-title":"The importance of Campylobacter coli in human campylobacteriosis: prevalence and genetic characterization","volume":"133","author":"M G\u00fcrtler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00847.x","article-title":"Emerging dynamics of human campylobacteriosis in southern Ireland","volume":"63","author":"S Bullman","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0240242.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1086\/505866","article-title":"Surveillance for Bacterial Diarrhea and Antimicrobial Resistance in Rural Western Kenya, 1997\u20132003","volume":"43","author":"JT Brooks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0240242.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.8165","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance profiles of Campylobacter species in the South Africa private health care sector","volume":"10","author":"CO Shobo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of infection in developing countries"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0240242.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199508000-00008","article-title":"Campylobacter infections in HIV-infected patients: clinical, and bacteriological features","volume":"9","author":"J Molina","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0240242.ref036","first-page":"90","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni and HIV infection","volume":"12","author":"RM Mart\u00ednez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00060.x","article-title":"Comprehensive review of Campylobacter and poultry processing","volume":"4","author":"KM Keener","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Sci Food Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0240242.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.2.166","article-title":"Pathogenicity and Convalescent Excretion of Campylobacter in Rural Egyptian Children","volume":"154","author":"MR Rao","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0240242.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410802636017","article-title":"Immunity to Campylobacter: its role in risk assessment and epidemiology","volume":"35","author":"AH Havelaar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0240242.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.06.021","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter: susceptibility testing methods and resistance trends","volume":"95","author":"B Ge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of microbiological methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0240242.ref041","first-page":"247","article-title":"Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Jejuni Isolated from Paediatric Diarrhea Cases in A Tertiary Care Hospital of New Delhi, India","volume":"7","author":"R Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0240242.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg093","article-title":"Mechanism of Tet(O)\u2010mediated tetracycline resistance","volume":"22","author":"SR Connell","year":"2003","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0240242.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.23753","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"4","author":"NM Iovine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0240242.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11007.x","article-title":"Identification and molecular characterisation of CmeB, a Campylobacter jejuni multidrug efflux pump","volume":"206","author":"L Pumbwe","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Letters"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl212","article-title":"High genetic variation in the multidrug transporter cmeB gene in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli","volume":"58","author":"C Cagliero","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref046","first-page":"340605","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among Campylobacter","author":"K Wieczorek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0240242.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki419","article-title":"Interaction of CmeABC and CmeDEF in conferring antimicrobial resistance and maintaining cell viability in Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"57","author":"M Akiba","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0240242.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq418","article-title":"Contribution of CmeG to antibiotic and oxidative stress resistance in Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"66","author":"B Jeon","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0240242.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.3.297","article-title":"Characterization of the porins of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and implications for antibiotic susceptibility","volume":"33","author":"WJ Page","year":"1989","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0240242.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn529","article-title":"Roles of lipooligosaccharide and capsular polysaccharide in antimicrobial resistance and natural transformation of Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"63","author":"B Jeon","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0240242.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.6.1294","article-title":"Emergence of aminoglycoside resistance genes aadA and aadE in the genus Campylobacter","volume":"34","author":"H Pinto-Alphandary","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0240242.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.12.2118","article-title":"Risk Factors for Sporadic Campylobacter jejuni Infections in Rural Michigan: A Prospective Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"93","author":"RC Potter","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0240242.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2014-0770","article-title":"Campylobacter species in animal, food, and environmental sources, and relevant testing programs in Canada","volume":"61","author":"H Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canadian journal of microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0240242.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022516-022826","article-title":"Campylobacter-Associated Diseases in Animals","volume":"5","author":"S Orhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref055","unstructured":"Center for Disease control (CDC). Zoonotic Campylobacteriosis. Source:http:\/\/wwwcfsphiastateedu\/Factsheets\/pdfs\/campylobacteriosispdf. 2013."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0240242.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701393096","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and enteric bacterial pathogens among hospitalized HIV infected versus non-HIV infected patients with diarrhoea in southern India","volume":"39","author":"H Kownhar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0240242.ref057","first-page":"598","article-title":"Incidence of campylobacteriosis among patients with AIDS in Los Angeles County","volume":"4","author":"FJ Sorvillo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes"},{"key":"pone.0240242.ref058","unstructured":"Allos BM, et al. Campylobacter species. source:http:\/\/antimicrobeorg\/new\/b91asp. 2014."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0240242.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-108-4-540","article-title":"Persistent Campylobacter jejuni infections in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","volume":"108","author":"DM Perlman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annals of internal medicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0240242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T18:45:46Z","timestamp":1602787546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0240242"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Iddya","family":"Karunasagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0240242","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]}}}