{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T03:58:43Z","timestamp":1771559923188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust DELTAS Africa grant","award":["DEL-15-007: Awandare"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-007: Awandare"]}]},{"name":"H3Africa","award":["H3A\/18\/002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H3A\/18\/002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43 TW 011513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW 011513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The scale-up of indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets, together with other interventions have considerably reduced the malaria burden in The Gambia. This study examined the biting and resting preferences of the local insecticide-resistant vector populations few years following scale-up of anti-vector interventions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Indoor and outdoor-resting <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes were collected between July and October 2019 from ten villages in five regions in The Gambia using pyrethrum spray collection (indoor) and prokopack aspirator from pit traps (outdoor). Polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to identify molecular species, insecticide resistance mutations, <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection rate and host blood meal.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 844 mosquitoes were collected both indoors (421, 49.9%) and outdoors (423, 50.1%). Four main vector species were identified, including <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic> (indoor: 15%, outdoor: 26%); <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coluzzii<\/jats:italic> (indoor: 19%, outdoor: 6%), <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiae s<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>. (indoor: 11%, outdoor: 16%), <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>melas<\/jats:italic> (indoor: 2%, outdoor: 0.1%) and hybrids of <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coluzzii-An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiae s<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic> (indoors: 3%, outdoors: 2%). A significant preference for outdoor resting was observed in <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic> (Pearson <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> = 22.7, df = 4, P&lt;0.001) and for indoor resting in <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coluzzii<\/jats:italic> (Pearson <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> = 55.0, df = 4, P&lt;0.001). Prevalence of the voltage-gated sodium channel (<jats:italic>Vgsc<\/jats:italic>)<jats:italic>-1014S<\/jats:italic> was significantly higher in the indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.78\u20131, P = 0.03) than outdoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.76\u20130.87) <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic> population. For <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coluzzii<\/jats:italic>, the prevalence of most mutation markers was higher in the outdoor (allele freq. = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.81\u20130.98) than indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.56\u20130.86) mosquitoes. However, in <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gambiae s<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>., the prevalence of <jats:italic>Vgsc-1014F<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Vgsc-1575Y<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GSTe2-114T<\/jats:italic> was high (allele freq. = 0.96\u20131), but did not vary by resting location. The overall sporozoite positivity rate was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.5\u20132%) in mosquito populations. Indoor-resting <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coluzzii<\/jats:italic> had mainly fed on human blood while indoor-resting <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic> fed on animal blood.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, high levels of resistance mutations were observed that could be influencing the mosquito populations to rest indoors or outdoors. The prevalent animal-biting behaviour demonstrated in the mosquito populations suggest that larval source management could be an intervention to complement vector control in this setting.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T17:39:25Z","timestamp":1624556365000},"page":"e0241023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Influence of insecticide resistance on the biting and resting preferences of malaria vectors in the Gambia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0101-5445","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Majidah","family":"Hamid-Adiamoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davis","family":"Nwakanma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit Sessinou","family":"Assogba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamadou Ousmane","family":"Ndiath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaw A.","family":"Afrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Amambua-Ngwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0241023.ref001","volume-title":"World Malaria Report. 2020","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0241023.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.04.022","article-title":"Exploring the contributions of bed nets, cattle, insecticides and excitorepellency to malaria control: a deterministic model of mosquito host-seeking behaviour and mortality","volume":"101","author":"GF Killeen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0241023.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pyrethroid resistance in African Anopheline mosquitoes: what are the implications for malaria control?","author":"H Ranson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0241023.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12063","article-title":"The importance of mosquito behavioural adaptations to malaria control in Africa","volume":"67","author":"ML Gatton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241023.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-330","article-title":"Characterizing, controlling and eliminating residual malaria transmission.","volume":"13","author":"GF Killeen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0241023.ref006","unstructured":"Gambia National Malaria Control Programme (GNMCP). 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