{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:12:06Z","timestamp":1747195926081,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gap-prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex has been widely used as a behavioral method for tinnitus screening in animal studies. The cortical-evoked potential gap-induced inhibition has also been investigated in animals as well as in human subjects. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of age on the cortical N1-P2 complex in the gap-prepulse inhibition paradigm. Fifty-seven subjects, aged 20 to 68 years, without continuous tinnitus, were tested with two effective gap conditions (embedded gap of 50- or 20-ms duration). Retest sessions were performed within one month. A significant gap-induced inhibition of the N1-P2 complex was found in both gap durations. Age differently affected the inhibition, depending on gap duration. With a 50-ms gap, the inhibition decreased significantly with the increase in age. This age-inhibition relationship was not found when using a 20-ms gap. The results were reproducible in the retest session. Our findings suggest that the interaction between age and gap duration should be considered when applying the gap-induced inhibition of the cortical-evoked potential as an objective measure of tinnitus in human subjects. Further studies with tinnitus patients are warranted to identify gap duration that would minimize the effects of age and maximize the difference in the inhibition between those with and without tinnitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T18:37:20Z","timestamp":1604601440000},"page":"e0241136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of age on the gap-prepulse inhibition of the cortical N1-P2 complex in humans as a step towards an objective measure of tinnitus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-4427","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunseo","family":"Ku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Do Youn","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiheon","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae Soo","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moo Kyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung Ha","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2112-426X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hee Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1301-2249","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Myung-Whan","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0241136.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.02.015","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Tinnitus among US Adults","volume":"123","author":"J Shargorodsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0241136.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2002","article-title":"Plastic Changes in the Central Auditory System After Hearing Loss, Restoration of Function, and During Learning","volume":"82","author":"J Syka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0241136.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001070","article-title":"\u201cMeasurement\u201d of Tinnitus.","volume":"37","author":"JA Henry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otology & Neurotology"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.05.009","article-title":"A systematic review of the reporting of tinnitus prevalence and severity","volume":"337","author":"A McCormack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241136.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2012.12.023","article-title":"A novel behavioural approach to detecting tinnitus in the guinea pig","volume":"213","author":"JI Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2012.00042","article-title":"Gap prepulse inhibition and auditory brainstem-evoked potentials as objective measures for tinnitus in guinea pigs","volume":"6","author":"S Dehmel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09656","article-title":"Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity","volume":"470","author":"ND Engineer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0241136.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.02.071","article-title":"Noise trauma impairs neurogenesis in the rat hippocampus","volume":"167","author":"KS Kraus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241136.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-014-0500-x","article-title":"Partial to Complete Suppression of Unilateral Noise-Induced Tinnitus in Rats after Cyclobenzaprine Treatment","volume":"16","author":"E Lobarinas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0241136.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-011-0276-1","article-title":"Development of Tinnitus in CBA\/CaJ Mice Following Sound Exposure","volume":"12","author":"RJ Longenecker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0241136.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12716","article-title":"Assessment of sensorimotor gating following selective lesions of cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons","volume":"40","author":"DAA MacLaren","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0241136.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12620","article-title":"The gap-startle paradigm to assess auditory temporal processing: Bridging animal and human research","volume":"53","author":"P Fournier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0241136.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00926.x","article-title":"The Effects of Age and Prestimulus Duration upon Reflex Inhibition","volume":"20","author":"TJ Harbin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.01.009","article-title":"Gap-induced inhibition of the post-auricular muscle response in humans and guinea pigs","volume":"374","author":"CA Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0241136.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00184.2013","article-title":"Is noise-induced cochlear neuropathy key to the generation of hyperacusis or tinnitus?","volume":"111","author":"AE Hickox","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00031","article-title":"Salicylate-induced hearing loss and gap detection deficits in rats","volume":"6","author":"KE Radziwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.05.011","article-title":"Gap detection deficits in humans with tinnitus as assessed with the acoustic startle paradigm: does tinnitus fill in the gap?","volume":"295","author":"P Fournier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.11.026","article-title":"Gap-induced reductions of evoked potentials in the auditory cortex: A possible objective marker for the presence of tinnitus in animals","volume":"1679","author":"JI Berger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00088","article-title":"Gap-Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex (GPIAS) for Tinnitus Assessment: Current Status and Future Directions","volume":"6","author":"A Galazyuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"422","key":"pone.0241136.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal3175","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3175","article-title":"Auditory-somatosensory bimodal stimulation desynchronizes brain circuitry to reduce tinnitus in guinea pigs and humans","volume":"10","author":"KL Marks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00061","article-title":"Tinnitus-related changes in the inferior colliculus","volume":"6","author":"JI Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2014.03.001","article-title":"Tinnitus-related dissociation between cortical and subcortical neural activity in humans with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"312","author":"K Boyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0241136.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12507","article-title":"Gap prepulse inhibition of the auditory late response in healthy subjects","volume":"52","author":"Y Ku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241136.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119901300101","article-title":"Effects of bromocriptine and haloperidol on prepulse inhibition: comparison of the acoustic startle eyeblink response and the N1\/P2 auditory-evoked response in man","volume":"13","author":"KA Abduljawad","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0241136.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110001400308","article-title":"Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (eyeblink) response and the N1\/P2 auditory evoked response in man","volume":"14","author":"MA Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241136.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110201600101","article-title":"Effects of ketanserin and haloperidol on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (eyeblink) response and the N1\/P2 auditory evoked response in man","volume":"16","author":"SJ Graham","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-13-135","article-title":"Prepulse inhibition of auditory change-related cortical responses","volume":"13","author":"K Inui","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.07.045","article-title":"Effects of acute nicotine on prepulse inhibition of auditory change-related cortical responses","volume":"256","author":"M Kodaira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"volume-title":"New Handbook of Auditory Evoked Responses","year":"2007","author":"JW Hall","key":"pone.0241136.ref029"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0241136.ref030","first-page":"1390","article-title":"Auditory event-related brain potentials for an early discrimination between normal and pathological brain aging","volume":"8","author":"J Dushanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regeneration Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0241136.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(98)00034-0","article-title":"Towards an objectification by classification of tinnitus","volume":"110","author":"A Norena","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0241136.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00524.x","article-title":"Range of sensory gating values and test-retest reliability in normal subjects","volume":"44","author":"DR Fuerst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0241136.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(96)95633-6","article-title":"Short-term replicability of the mismatch negativity","volume":"100","author":"C Escera","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0241136.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(95)00148-R","article-title":"Variability and replicability of the mismatch negativity","volume":"96","author":"E Pekkonen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241136.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200104000-00001","article-title":"Central auditory plasticity: changes in the N1-P2 complex after speech-sound training","volume":"22","author":"K Tremblay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.03.003","article-title":"The gap-prepulse inhibition deficit of the cortical N1-P2 complex in patients with tinnitus: The effect of gap duration","volume":"348","author":"Y Ku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-10-34","article-title":"Auditory temporal processing in healthy aging: a magnetoencephalographic study","volume":"10","author":"P Soros","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00793","article-title":"Role of Oscillations in Auditory Temporal Processing: A General Model for Temporal Processing of Sensory Information in the Brain?","volume":"12","author":"A Bahmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.04.030","article-title":"Principles of Temporal Processing Across the Cortical Hierarchy","volume":"389","author":"KD Himberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241136.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2012\/12-0030)","article-title":"The Effects of Aging on Auditory Processing and Cognition.","volume":"21","author":"PA Tun","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0993-0","volume-title":"The Aging Auditory System","author":"S Gordon-Salant","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0241136.ref042","article-title":"Some effects of aging on central auditory processing","volume":"42","author":"JS Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0241136.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019519","article-title":"Age-related decline in auditory plasticity: Experience dependent changes in gap detection as measured by prepulse inhibition in young and aged rats","volume":"124","author":"BJ Swetter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0241136.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2010.551221","article-title":"Re-examining the relationship between audiometric profile and tinnitus pitch","volume":"50","author":"M Sereda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241136.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.11.002","article-title":"Prepulse inhibition and P50 suppression: Commonalities and dissociations","volume":"143","author":"B Oranje","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241136.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.94.1.3","article-title":"Reflex modification in the domain of startle: II. The anomalous history of a robust and ubiquitous phenomenon","volume":"94","author":"JR Ison","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref047","unstructured":"Ku Y, Ahn JW, Kwon C, Suh M, Lee JH, Oh SH, et al., editors. A programmable acoustic stimuli and auditory evoked potential measurement system for objective tinnitus diagnosis research. 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2014 26\u201330 Aug. 2014."},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref048","volume-title":"Designing clinical research","author":"SB Hulley","year":"2013","edition":"4"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0241136.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(92)90031-O","article-title":"Age and inter-stimulus interval effects on event-related potentials to frequent and infrequent auditory stimuli","volume":"33","author":"I Czigler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0241136.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(80)90221-7","article-title":"Age-related changes in auditory event-related potentials","volume":"49","author":"A Pfefferbaum","year":"1980","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0241136.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3703.662","article-title":"Age Effects on Measures of Auditory Duration Discrimination. Journal of Speech, Language, and","volume":"37","author":"PJ Fitzgibbons","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241136.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2739409","article-title":"Age-related differences in discrimination of an interval separating onsets of successive tone bursts as a function of interval duration","volume":"122","author":"PJ Fitzgibbons","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pone.0241136.ref053","first-page":"210","article-title":"Auditory Duration Discrimination in Young and Elderly Listeners with Normal Hearing.","volume":"5","author":"SL Phillips","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0241136.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.11.008","article-title":"Age-related differences in discrimination of temporal intervals in accented tone sequences","volume":"264","author":"PJ Fitzgibbons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241136.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.09.017","article-title":"Age-related differences in gap detection: Effects of task difficulty and cognitive ability","volume":"264","author":"KC Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241136.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/108471380601000103","article-title":"Effects of Age on Auditory and Cognitive Processing: Implications for Hearing Aid Fitting and Audiologic Rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"MK Pichora-Fuller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Amplification"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0241136.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418205","article-title":"Age-related changes in temporal gap detection","volume":"101","author":"KB Snell","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241136.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1121\/1.427109","article-title":"Psychometric functions for gap detection in noise measured from young and aged subjects","volume":"106","author":"N-J He","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0241136.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.71.4.860","article-title":"The effects of age on sensory thresholds and temporal gap detection in hearing, vision, and touch","volume":"71","author":"LE Humes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Attention, perception & psychophysics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241136.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1121\/1.427062","article-title":"Gap detection thresholds as a function of tonal duration for younger and older listeners","volume":"106","author":"BA Schneider","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241136.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.122","article-title":"Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence","volume":"55","author":"PB Baltes","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0241136.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31823fb585","article-title":"Human evoked cortical activity to silent gaps in noise: effects of age, attention, and cortical processing speed","volume":"33","author":"KC Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0241136.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000156","article-title":"The Gap Detection Test: Can It Be Used to Diagnose Tinnitus?","volume":"36","author":"K Boyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"67","key":"pone.0241136.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.121232","article-title":"Does tinnitus \"fill in\" the silent gaps?","volume":"15","author":"J Campolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241136.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3342\/kjorl-hns.2011.54.1.48","article-title":"Psychoacoustic Characteristics of Prepulse Gap in Tinnitus Patients: A Preliminary Study to Develop an Objective Test Detecting Tinnitus.","volume":"54","author":"M-W Suh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0241136.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.08.019","article-title":"The relationship between preattentive sensory processing deficits and age in schizophrenia patients","volume":"120","author":"M Kiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0241136.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.08.006","article-title":"The effects of aging on early stages of the auditory deviance detection system","volume":"129","author":"M Aghamolaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0241136.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01390.x","article-title":"Prestimulus effects on human startle reflex in normals and schizophrenics.","volume":"15","author":"D Braff","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0241136.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.102.4.633","article-title":"Attention and schizophrenia: impaired modulation of the startle reflex.","volume":"102","author":"ME Dawson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0241136.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr067","article-title":"Age effects on preattentive and early attentive auditory processing of redundant stimuli: is sensory gating affected by physiological aging?","volume":"66","author":"D Gmehlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"S1","key":"pone.0241136.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2020130","article-title":"Detection of a temporal gap as a function of level and frequency","volume":"72","author":"S Buus","year":"1982","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0241136","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T21:01:17Z","timestamp":1618261277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0241136"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Shore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0241136","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}}}