{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:09:26Z","timestamp":1773097766339,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-28-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-28-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new nematode species of the genus<jats:italic>Phasmarhabditis<\/jats:italic>was isolated from the body surface of a slug (<jats:italic>Philomycus bilineatus<\/jats:italic>Benson, PB). Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed this nematode as a new species. The nematode was named<jats:italic>Phasmarhabditis zhejiangensis<\/jats:italic>sp. nov. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) and is dioecious. In males, the open bursa with genital papillae is characterized by the formula 1-1-1-2-1-3, and the spicule length is 58\u03bcm. In female, the vulva is located approximately in the middle of the body. The nematode belongs to papillosa group because of its tail shape pointed with filiform tip. The phasmids are rod-shaped. The posterior anus is slightly swollen.<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>zhejiangensis<\/jats:italic>was further characterized by internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA sequences. After the sequencing results were compared with sequences available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), the maximum similarities of ITS, 18S and 28S sequences were 89.81%, 96.22% and 95.28%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses placed<jats:italic>Phasmarhabditis zhejiangensis<\/jats:italic>sp. nov. in the genus<jats:italic>Phasmarhabditis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T18:46:49Z","timestamp":1604947609000},"page":"e0241413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Phasmarhabditis zhejiangensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a new rhabditid nematode from Zhejiang, China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chao-nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3049-944X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qi-zhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0241413.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-019-09967-9","article-title":"Bionomics of the slug-parasitic nematode Alloionema appendiculatum and its effect on the invasive pest slug Arion vulgaris.","volume":"64","author":"J Nermu\u0165","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241413.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1994.tb04978.x","article-title":"Biological control of slugs in winter wheat using the rhabditid nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita","volume":"125","author":"MJ Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Appl Biol"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref003","first-page":"253","article-title":"The biology and behaviour of slugs in relation to crop damage and control","volume":"1","author":"CM Port","year":"1986","journal-title":"Agri Zool Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0241413.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-2194(03)00003-6","article-title":"Field experiments using the rhabditid nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita or salt as control measures against slugs in green asparagus","volume":"22","author":"A Ester","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241413.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1006\/bcon.1999.0778","article-title":"Feeding activity and survival of slugs, Deroceras reticulatum, exposed to the rhabditid nematode, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita: a model of dose response","volume":"17","author":"DM Glen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Control"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0241413.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1411","article-title":"Slug control in Australian canola: monitoring, molluscicidal baits and economic thresholds","volume":"63","author":"MA Nash","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref007","first-page":"29","article-title":"Occurrence law of Philomycus bilineaus and its prevention.","volume":"9","author":"YH Dong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Agric Jiangxi."},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11540-018-9409-9","article-title":"Grazing behaviour of slugs (Gastropoda: Arionidae, Agriolimacidae) on the aboveground and underground organs of potato plants.","volume":"62","author":"J Koz\u0142owski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Potato Res."},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref009","first-page":"255","article-title":"The biology and behavior of slugs in relation to crop damage and control","volume":"1","author":"CM Port","year":"1986","journal-title":"Agri Zool Rev"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02358084","article-title":"Slug damage and control of field slug (Deroceras reticulatum (M\u00fcller)) by carvone in stored potatoes.","volume":"43","author":"A Ester","year":"2000","journal-title":"Potato Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241413.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2013.04.002","article-title":"Progress on entomopathogenic nematology research: a bibliometric study of the last three decades: 1980\u20132010.","volume":"66","author":"E San-Blas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Control"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1163\/15685411-00002838","article-title":"Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a potential biocontrol agent isolated for the first time from invasive slugs in North America.","volume":"16","author":"I Tandingan De Ley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1163\/156854199508144","article-title":"Some observations on the morphology and protein profiles of the slug-parasitic nematodes Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and P. neopapillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae).","volume":"1","author":"DJ Hooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref014","first-page":"333","article-title":"Origins and phylogenetic relationships of the entomophilic rhabditids, Heterorhabditis and Steinernema","volume":"16","author":"GO Poinar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fundam appl Nematol"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref015","first-page":"79","article-title":"Description of the nematode Phasmarhabditis tawfiki n. sp. isolated from Egyptian terrestrial snails and slugs.","volume":"42","author":"KM Azzam","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Egypt Ger Soc Zool"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0241413.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4179.3.8","article-title":"Phasmarhabditis bonaquaense n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a new slug-parasitic nematode from the Czech Republic.","volume":"4179","author":"J Nermu\u0165","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241413.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1163\/15685411-00002952","article-title":"Description of Phasmarhabditis californica n. sp. and first report of P. papillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) from invasive slugs in the USA.","volume":"18","author":"RJ Mc Donnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/77.1.71","article-title":"The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"77","author":"S Brenner","year":"1974","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0241413.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144386","article-title":"Morphological and molecular characterization of Phasmarhabditis huizhouensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a new rhabditid nematode from South China.","volume":"10","author":"RE Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS ONE."},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1163\/15685411-00003017","article-title":"Phasmarhabditis apuliae n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a new rhabditid nematode from milacid slugs.","volume":"18","author":"J Nermu\u0165","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241413.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1163\/15685411-00003034","article-title":"Phasmarhabditis bohemica n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a slug-parasitic nematode from the Czech Republic.","volume":"19","author":"J Nermu\u0165","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241413.ref022","first-page":"129","article-title":"Phasmarhabditis meridionalis sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) from a land snail Quantula striata (Gastropoda: Dyakiidae) from southern Vietnam.","volume":"25","author":"ES Ivanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Russ J Nematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0241413.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4420.3.5","article-title":"Phasmarhabditis safricana n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a parasite of the slug Deroceras reticulatum from South Africa.","volume":"4420","author":"JL Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1163\/15685411-00003105","article-title":"First record of Phasmarhabditis papillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) in South Africa, and its virulence against the invasive slug, Deroceras panormitanum.","volume":"19","author":"A Pieterse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Two new species of Phasmarhabditis Andr\u00e1ssy, 1976 (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) associated with land snails in Northwest Caucasus, Russian Federation: description and molecular affiliation.","volume":"0","author":"ES Ivanvoa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/09583159309355306","article-title":"The rhabditid nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita as a potential biological control agent for slugs","volume":"3","author":"MJ Wilson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/09583159550039954","article-title":"Biocontrol of slugs in protected lettuce using the rhabditid nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.","volume":"5","author":"MJ Wilson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/09583150020029772","article-title":"Field test using the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita for biocontrol of slugs in Spain.","volume":"11","author":"J Iglesias","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.2001.tb00141.x","article-title":"Mini-plot field experiments on slug control using biological and chemical control agents","volume":"139","author":"J Iglesias","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Appl Biol"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.2004.tb00384.x","article-title":"Influences of preceding cover crops on slug damage and biological control using Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita","volume":"145","author":"MN Vernav\u00e1","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Appl Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0241413.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1163\/187529259X00381","article-title":"A rapid method for the transfer of nematodes from fixative to anhydrous glycerin.","volume":"4","author":"JW Seinhorst","year":"1959","journal-title":"Nematologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241413.ref032","first-page":"206","article-title":"Morphometrics of infective juveniles of Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Nemata: Rhabditida).","volume":"27","author":"KB Nguyen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nematol"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3569.1.2","article-title":"Heterorhabditis beicherriana, n. sp. (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from the Shunyi district of Beijing, China.","volume":"3569","author":"XY Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"pone.0241413.ref034","volume-title":"Nematodes as biocontrol agents","author":"TH Askary","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0241413","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T18:57:58Z","timestamp":1618340278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0241413"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Denis","family":"Dupuy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0241413","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]}}}