{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:12:56Z","timestamp":1747195976290,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T18:38:30Z","timestamp":1604515110000},"page":"e0241756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sit bath systems: A new source of Legionella infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Luna","family":"Girolamini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Mazzotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lizzadro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Pascale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Dormi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvano","family":"Salaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-2615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandra","family":"Cristino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0241756.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3236526","article-title":"Contamination of the Surfaces of a Health Care Environment by Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Bacteria","volume":"2019","author":"L Chaoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S194670","article-title":"Impact of a probiotic-based hospital sanitation on antimicrobial resistance and HAI-associated antimicrobial consumption and costs: A multicenter study","volume":"12","author":"E Caselli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-130","article-title":"How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"A Kramer","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1086\/670223","article-title":"Understanding and Preventing Transmission of Healthcare-Associated Pathogens Due to the Contaminated Hospital Environment","volume":"34","author":"DJ Weber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref005","article-title":"Spatio-temporal survey of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens in the Paris drinking water distribution system","author":"Y Perrin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref006","unstructured":"Rota, Maria Cristina, Caporali, Maria Grazia, Bella A, Scaturro, et al. Annual report of legionellosis in Italy\u20142018. Not dell\u2019Istituto Super di Sanit\u00e0. 2019;32."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref007","unstructured":"Zotti CM, Quattrocolo F, Angelo D, Corcione S. Report Italiano PPS2 2016\/2017 Studio di Prevalenza Italiano sulle Infezioni Correlate all\u2019assistenza e sull\u2019uso di Antibiotici negli Ospedali per acuti\u2014protocollo ECDC. 2017; 1\u201366."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00038","article-title":"Factors mediating environmental biofilm formation by Legionella pneumophila","volume":"8","author":"A Abu Khweek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2016.04.004","article-title":"Water Safety and Legionella in Health Care: Priorities, Policy, and Practice","volume":"30","author":"SD Gamage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509359403","article-title":"Biofilm Dispersal: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Potential Therapeutic Uses","volume":"89","author":"JB Kaplan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref011","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa develops Ciprofloxacin resistance from low to high level with distinctive proteome changes","author":"J Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Proteomics"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref012","article-title":"Global emergence of the widespread Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST235 clone","author":"P Treepong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00149.x","article-title":"The Effects of Temperature and pH on the Growth of Eight Enteric and Nine Glucose Non-Fermenting Species of Gram-Negative Rods","volume":"26","author":"A Tsuji","year":"1982","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.169.5.1960-1966.1987","article-title":"Effect of growth temperature on the lipids, outer membrane proteins, and lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO","volume":"169","author":"AMB Kropinski","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4020373","article-title":"Opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens: Increasingly important pathogens in drinking water","volume":"4","author":"JO Falkinham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000234","article-title":"Bacteriology of pressure ulcers in individuals with spinal cord injury: What we know and what we should know","volume":"38","author":"AN Dana","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref017","article-title":"Superficial swab versus deep-tissue biopsy for the microbiological diagnosis of local infection in advanced-stage pressure ulcers of spinal-cord-injured patients: a prospective study","author":"S Tedeschi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1611.11056","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm, a Programmed Bacterial Life for Fitness","volume":"27","author":"K Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.1.378-383.2006","article-title":"Introduction of monochloramine into a municipal water system: Impact on colonization of buildings by Legionella spp","volume":"72","author":"MR Moore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.506-526.2002","article-title":"Legionella and legionnaires\u2019 disease: 25 years of investigation","volume":"15","author":"BS Fields","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.41.1.9-16.1981","article-title":"Ecological distribution of Legionella pneumophila","volume":"41","author":"CB Fliermans","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref022","unstructured":"D.Lgs.31. Legislative Decree 02.02.2001, n.31. Implementation of theWater Quality Directive 98\/83\/EC Relative to Water Quality Intended for Human Consumption. OJ. of the Italian Republic n. 52, 3.03.2001. 31 Italy; 2001. http:\/\/www.camera.it\/parlam\/leggi\/deleghe\/01031dl.htm."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref023","unstructured":"Italian Health Ministry. Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Legionellosis. Approvate in Conferenza Stato-Regioni Seduta Del 7 Maggio 2015. Italy, 2015. 2015. http:\/\/www.salute.gov.it\/imgs\/C_17_pubblicazioni_2362_allegato.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref024","unstructured":"Emilia-Romagna Region. Regional Guidelines for Surveillance and Control of Legionellosis. Delibera Della Giunta Regionale 12 Giugno 2017, N. 828. 2017. 2017;2012: 1\u2013136. http:%0A\/\/salute.regione.emilia-romagna.it\/documentazione\/leggi\/regionali\/dgr-2127-2016\/dgr-n-828-%0A2017-linee-guida-regionali-per-la-sorveglianza-e-il-controllo-della-legionellosi\/view%0A."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref025","unstructured":"Hse SE. Managing the risks from hot water and surfaces in health and social care. 2012; 1\u20133."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref026","unstructured":"UNI EN ISO 19458:2006\u2014Water quality\u2014Sampling for microbiological analysis. 2006. http:\/\/store.uni.com\/catalogo\/index.php\/uni-en-iso-19458-2006.html?josso_back_to=http:\/\/store.uni.com\/josso-security-check.php&josso_cmd=login_optional&josso_partnerapp_host=store.uni.com."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref027","unstructured":"UNI EN ISO 16266:2008\u2014Water Quality\u2014Detection and Enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa\u2014Method by Membrane Filtration. 2008. http:\/\/store.uni.com\/catalogo\/index.php\/uni-en-iso-16266-2008.html?josso_back_to=http:\/\/store.uni.com\/josso-security-check.php&josso_cmd=login_optional&josso_partnerapp_host=store.uni.com."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.4.845-849.1995","article-title":"Evaluation of a new identification system, Crystal Enteric\/Non-Fermenter, for gram-negative bacilli","volume":"33","author":"G Wauters","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref029","unstructured":"ISO 11731:2017 Water quality\u2014Enumeration of Legionella. 2017. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/61782.html."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.6.1560-1567.1998","article-title":"Sequence-based classification scheme for the genus Legionella targeting the mip gene","volume":"36","author":"RM Ratcliff","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1535-0","article-title":"Application of Legionella pneumophila-specific quantitative real-time PCR combined with direct amplification and sequence-based typing in the diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of Legionnaires\u2019 disease","volume":"31","author":"M Mentasti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01808.x","article-title":"Identification of Legionella spp. by 19 European reference laboratories: Results of the European Working Group for Legionella Infections External Quality Assessment Scheme using DNA sequencing of the macrophage infectivity potentiator gene and dedicated o","volume":"13","author":"NK Fry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref033","first-page":"1006a","volume-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","author":"WHO","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaye KS. DS. Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare, Part I: Facility Planning and Management. 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2016.06.001"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref035","unstructured":"International Labour Office (ILO) G. List of occupational diseases. Identification and recognition of occupational diseases: criteria for incorporating diseases in the ILO list of occupational diseases. 2010."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.09.018","article-title":"Legionellosis in the occupational setting","volume":"152","author":"L Principe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref037","unstructured":"Italian Health Ministry. Attention-related epidemiological infections. https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/infezioni-correlate\/epidemiologia."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-000-0049-1","article-title":"Waterborne nosocomial infections","volume":"2","author":"C Squier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8010027","article-title":"Factors influencing legionella contamination of domestic household showers","volume":"8","author":"D Hayes-Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0134-1","article-title":"Water heater temperature set point and water use patterns influence Legionella pneumophila and associated microorganisms at the tap","volume":"3","author":"WJ Rhoads","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044451664-0\/50003-6","article-title":"Laundry Cleaning of Textiles","volume":"1","author":"JB St. Laurent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handb Cleaning\/Decontamination Surfaces"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1086\/664047","article-title":"Electronic-Eye Faucets: Legionella Species Contamination in Healthcare Settings","volume":"33","author":"ERM Sydnor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02205","article-title":"Impact of distribution and network flushing on the drinking water microbiome","volume":"9","author":"J El-Chakhtoura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.05.019","article-title":"Adaptive microbial response to low-level benzalkonium chloride exposure","volume":"100","author":"G Kampf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01259","article-title":"Optimization of E. coli inactivation by benzalkonium chloride reveals the importance of quantifying the inoculum effect on chemical disinfection","volume":"9","author":"MR Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref046","unstructured":"EN 14885:2018 Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics\u2014Application of European Standards for chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. 2018. http:\/\/store.uni.com\/catalogo\/en-14885-2018."},{"key":"pone.0241756.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.09.053","article-title":"Influence of hydraulic regimes on bacterial community structure and composition in an experimental drinking water distribution system","volume":"47","author":"I Douterelo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0241756","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T18:39:23Z","timestamp":1604515163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0241756"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Olivier","family":"Habimana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0241756","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]}}}