{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:57:05Z","timestamp":1790834225918,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440 (UID\/NEU\/04539\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440 (UID\/NEU\/04539\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005635","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["66\/SBG \/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["66\/SBG \/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005635","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011929","name":"Programa Operacional Tem\u00e1tico Factores de Competitividade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000008:BrainHealth 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000008:BrainHealth 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011929","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report a study on toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Luanda, Angola, determining the seroprevalence, geospatial distribution and its association with socio-economic features, dietary habits and hygiene and health conditions. Anti-<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> IgG and IgM were quantified in serum samples of women attended at the Lucrecia Paim Maternity Hospital between May 2016 and August 2017. The IgG avidity test and qPCR assay were used for dating the primary infection. Data were collected by questionnaire after written consent, and spatial distribution was assessed through a Kernel Density Function. The potential risk factors associated with <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> infection were evaluated using bivariate and multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis. Anti-<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> antibodies were quantified in 878 pregnant women, and 346 (39.4%) samples were IgG positive, 2 (0.2%) positive for IgM and IgG, and 530 (60.4%) negative for both immunoglobulins. The longitudinal study showed that none of the seronegative women seroconverted during the survey. Regarding other infections, 226 (25.7%) were positive for hepatitis B, while 118 (13.4%) were HIV-positive. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was similar in most municipalities: 43.8% in Cazenga (28 of 64); 42.5% in Viana (88 of 207); 42.3% in Cacuaco (22 of 52); and 41.1% in Luanda ((179 of 435). In contrast, the seroprevalence in municipality of Belas was lower (25.8%; 31 of 120) and bivariate and multivariate analysis has shown a lower risk for toxoplasmosis in this area (OR 0.479, CI: 0.305\u20130.737; OR 0.471, CI: 0.299\u20130.728). The multivariate analysis has shown a significant increased risk for toxoplasmosis in women in the last trimester of pregnancy (OR 1.457, CI: 1.011\u20132.102), suffering spontaneous abortion (OR 1.863, CI: 1.014\u20133.465) and having pets at home (OR 1.658, CI: 1.212\u20132.269). Also, women who tested positive for hepatitis B (OR 1.375, CI: 1.008\u20131.874) and HIV (OR 1.833, CI: 1.233\u20132.730) had a significant increased risk for <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> infection. In conclusion, our study showed that a large number of pregnant women are not immunized for toxoplasmosis and identified the risk factors for this infection in Luanda. It is crucial to establish the diagnosis of primary maternal infection as well as the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Our results underlined the need for diagnostic and clinical follow-up of toxoplasmosis, HIV and hepatitis B during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T18:28:49Z","timestamp":1604687329000},"page":"e0241908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Serological prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Luanda (Angola): Geospatial distribution and its association with socio-demographic and clinical-obstetric determinants"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Am\u00e9lia Nkutxi","family":"Vueba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa Perez","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Almendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4957-7831","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria do C\u00e9u","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9425","key":"pone.0241908.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis.","volume":"363","author":"JG Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0241908.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267","article-title":"Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts","volume":"11","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0241908.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.005","article-title":"History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"39","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0241908.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Transmission, diagnosis, and prevention","volume":"8","author":"D Hill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0241908.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53490-3.00008-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis.","volume":"114","author":"SK Halonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0241908.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000694","article-title":"Does Toxoplasma gondii infection impact liver transplantation outcomes? 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