{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T16:56:24Z","timestamp":1759683384459,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2015-05379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2015-05379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pharmacological studies using propranolol suggest that if reactivation signals that new information will be learned (i.e., there is an expectation for learning) reconsolidation can be enhanced. We examined if the verbal instructions to expect new learning will enhance reconsolidation of fear memories using the post-retrieval extinction paradigm.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>On day one, participants (n = 48) underwent differential fear conditioning to two images (CS+ and CS-). On day two, participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups; groups one and two had their memory for the CS+ reactivated (i.e., a single presentation of the CS+) 10 minutes prior to extinction, whereas group three did not have their memory reactivated but went right to extinction (no reactivation group). One reactivation group was told that they would learn something new about the images (expectation for learning group), and the other group was told that they would not learn anything new (no expectation for learning group). On day three, return of fear was measured following reinstatement (i.e., four shocks). Fear potentiated startle (FPS) and skin conductance response (SCR) were measured throughout.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There was evidence of fear acquisition for participants for SCR but not FPS. With regards to reconsolidation, SCR increased for the CS+ and CS-in all groups from the end of extinction to the beginning of re-extinction (i.e., return of fear). For FPS, post-hoc tests conducted on the sub-group of participants showing fear learning showed that FPS remained stable in the two reactivation groups, but increased to the CS+, but not the CS- in the no reactivation group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings suggest that a verbal manipulation of the expectation for learning may not be salient enough to enhance reconsolidation. Results are discussed in relation to theories on differences in between SCR, as a measure of cognitive awareness, and FPS, as a measure of fear.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T17:35:11Z","timestamp":1660844111000},"page":"e0241943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Verbal manipulations of learning expectancy do not enhance reconsolidation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Marinos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Simioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-0136","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea R.","family":"Ashbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7277","key":"pone.0241943.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08637","article-title":"Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms","volume":"463","author":"D Schiller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0241943.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2205","article-title":"Memory reconsolidation mediates the strengthening of memories by additional learning","volume":"11","author":"JLC Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"6797","key":"pone.0241943.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/35021052","article-title":"Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval","volume":"406","author":"K Nader","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0241943.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.2148511","article-title":"Disrupting reconsolidation: pharmacological and behavioral manipulations","volume":"18","author":"M Soeter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0241943.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01001-2","article-title":"Cellular and systems reconsolidation in the hippocampus","volume":"36","author":"J Debiec","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0241943.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.03.008","article-title":"The role of metaplasticity mechanisms in regulating memory destabilization and reconsolidation","volume":"36","author":"PSB Finnie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0241943.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2013.12.010","article-title":"Human reconsolidation: A reactivation and update","volume":"105","author":"T. 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