{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:13:19Z","timestamp":1780330399265,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Co-infection with malaria and intestinal parasites is common in children in Africa and may affect their immune response to a malaria parasite infection. Prior studies suggest that co-infections may lead to increased susceptibility to malaria infection and disease severity; however, other studies have shown the reverse. Knowledge on how co-morbidities specifically affect the immune response to malaria antigens is limited. Therefore, this study sought to determine the prevalence of co-infection of malaria and intestinal parasites and its association with antibody levels to malaria merozoite antigens.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross sectional study was carried out in two villages with high transmission of malaria in Cameroon (Ngali II and Mfou) where mass drug administration (MDA) had been administered at ~6-month intervals (generally with albendazole or mebendazole). Children aged 1\u201315 years were enrolled after obtaining parental consent. A malaria rapid diagnostic test was used on site. Four (4) ml of peripheral blood was collected from each participant to determine <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> infections by microscopy, haemoglobin levels and serology. Fresh stool samples were collected and examined by wet mount, Kato-Katz method and modified Ritchie concentration techniques. A Multiplex Analyte Platform assay was used to measure antibody levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 320 children were enrolled. The prevalence of malaria by blood smear was 76.3% (244\/320) and prevalence of malaria and intestinal parasites was 16.9% (54\/320). Malaria prevalence was highest in young children; whereas, intestinal parasites (IP+) were not present until after 3 years of age. All children positive for malaria had antibodies to MSP1<jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>, MSP2, MSP3 and EBA175. No difference in antibody levels in children with malaria-co infections compared to malaria alone were found, except for antibody levels to EBA-175 were higher in children co-infected with intestinal protozoa (p = 0.018), especially those with <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic> infections (p = 0.0026).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Antibody levels to EBA175 were significantly higher in children co-infected with malaria and <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>histolytica<\/jats:italic> compared to children infected with malaria alone. It is important to further investigate why and how the presence of these protozoans might modulate the immune response to malaria antigens.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T20:17:27Z","timestamp":1605039447000},"page":"e0242012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The immunoglobulin G antibody response to malaria merozoite antigens in asymptomatic children co-infected with malaria and intestinal parasites"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7070-552X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Crespo\u2019o Mbe-cho","family":"Ndiabamoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Loni","family":"Ekali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livo","family":"Esemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukie Michelle","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Claude","family":"Djontu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfred","family":"Mbacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jude","family":"Bigoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane Wallace","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose Gana Fomban","family":"Leke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0242012.ref001","unstructured":"\u201cWorld-Malaria-Report-2019-briefing-kit-eng.pdf.\u201d https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world-malaria-report-2019\/World-Malaria-Report-2019-briefing-kit-eng.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242012.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001942","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001942","article-title":"\u2018Asymptomatic\u2019 Malaria: A chronic and debilitating infection that should be treated","volume":"13","author":"I. 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