{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:41:05Z","timestamp":1793320865893,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["a Grant-in-Aid (20J15021)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["a Grant-in-Aid (20J15021)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005683","name":"Kyoto University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GAP Fund Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAP Fund Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CSFA) from linseed oil have the potential to reduce methane (CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) production from ruminants; however, there is little information on the effect of supplementary CSFA on rumen microbiome as well as CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of supplementary CSFA on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>production, and rumen microbiome<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. We compared five treatments: three CSFA concentrations\u20140% (CON), 2.25% (FAL) and 4.50% (FAH) on a dry matter (DM) basis\u201415 mM of fumarate (FUM), and 20 mg\/kg DM of monensin (MON). The results showed that the proportions of propionate in FAL, FAH, FUM, and MON were increased, compared with CON (P &lt; 0.05). Although DM and neutral detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash (NDFom) digestibility decreased in FAL and FAH compared to those in CON (P &lt; 0.05), DM digestibility-adjusted CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>production in FAL and FAH was reduced by 38.2% and 63.0%, respectively, compared with that in CON (P &lt; 0.05). The genera<jats:italic>Ruminobacter<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Succinivibri<\/jats:italic>o,<jats:italic>Succiniclasticum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Selenomonas<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Megasphaera<\/jats:italic>, which are related to propionate production, were increased (P &lt; 0.05), while<jats:italic>Methanobrevibacter<\/jats:italic>and protozoa counts, which are associated with CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>production, were decreased in FAH, compared with CON (P &lt; 0.05). The results suggested that the inclusion of CSFA significantly changed the rumen microbiome, leading to the acceleration of propionate production and the reduction of CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>production. In conclusion, although further in vivo study is needed to evaluate the reduction effect on rumen CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>production, CSFA may be a promising candidate for reduction of CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>emission from ruminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T20:10:44Z","timestamp":1605039044000},"page":"e0242158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids from linseed oil decrease methane production by altering the rumen microbiome in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6018-2801","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kento","family":"Tominaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotatsu","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazato","family":"Oishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Hirooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Kumagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0242158.ref001","volume-title":"Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. 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