{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:28:27Z","timestamp":1784759307429,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1079004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1079004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In Nigeria, unmet need for contraception is high despite improved access to modern contraception. To identify factors that support Nigerian women\u2019s contraceptive decisions to achieve their reproductive goals, in the presence or absence of their partner\u2019s support, we seek to identify individual\/couple and community level determinants of a spectrum of contraceptive practices, from non-use to covert and overt use of contraception.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data were drawn from a national probability survey conducted by Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 in Nigeria in 2017\u20132018. A sample of 12,948 women 15\u201349 years was included, 6433 of whom were in need of contraception at the time of the survey. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analysis to identify individual\/couple and community level factors associated with covert use relative to non-use and to overt use of contraception.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Altogether, 58.0% of women in need of contraception were non-users, 4.5% were covert users and 37.5% used contraception overtly. Covert users were more educated and wealthier than non-users, but less educated and less wealthy than overt users. Covert users were less likely to cohabitate with their partner compared to non-users [AOR = 4.60 (95%CI: 3.06\u20136.93)] and overt users [AOR = 5.01 (95%CI: 3.24\u20137.76)] and more likely to reside in urban areas. At the community level, covert users were more likely to live in communities with higher contraceptive prevalence and higher levels of female education relative to non-users. They were also more likely to live in communities with higher female employment [AOR = 1.62, (95%CI: 0.96\u20132.73)] compared to overt users.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>By identifying individual and community level factors associated with the spectrum from non-use to covert use and overt use of contraception, this study highlights the importance of integrating individual and community interventions to support women\u2019s realization of their reproductive goals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T19:08:12Z","timestamp":1605726492000},"page":"e0242345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["From non-use to covert and overt use of contraception: Identifying community and individual factors informing Nigerian women\u2019s degree of contraceptive empowerment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5544-2875","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Funmilola M.","family":"OlaOlorun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Anglewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Moreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242345.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-00916-9","article-title":"Protocol for a matched-pair cluster control trial of ARCHES (Addressing Reproductive Coercion in Health Settings) among women and girls seeking contraceptive services from community-based clinics in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"17","author":"J Uysal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"pone.0242345.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113086","article-title":"'I am the master key that opens and locks': Presentation and application of a conceptual framework for women's and girls' empowerment in reproductive health","volume":"258","author":"C Karp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pone.0242345.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100359","article-title":"Associations of reproductive coercion and intimate partner violence with overt and covert family planning use among married adolescent girls in Niger","volume":"22","author":"JG Silverman","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0242345.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2307\/172249","article-title":"Covert contraceptive use: 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