{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:39:15Z","timestamp":1787506755779,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays a pivotal role in innate immunity; however, its impact on susceptibility to opportunistic infections (OIs) has not yet been examined in a natural history cohort of people living with HIV\/AIDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used archived samples to analyze the association between MBL expression types and risk of major OIs including\n                      <jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:italic>\n                      pneumonia (PCP), cryptococcosis, talaromycosis, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis in a prospective cohort in Northern Thailand conducted from 1 July 2000 to 15 October 2002 before the national antiretroviral treatment programme was launched.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 632 patients, PCP was diagnosed in 96 (15.2%) patients, including 45 patients with new episodes during the follow-up period (1006.5 person-years). The total history of PCP was significantly associated with low MBL expression type: high\/intermediate (81\/587, 13.8%), low (10\/33, 30.3%) and deficient (5\/12, 41.7%) (p = 0.001), whereas the history of other OIs showed no relation with any MBL expression type. Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis (n = 569; log-rank p = 0.011) and Cox\u2019s proportional hazards model revealed that deficient genotype dramatically increased the risk of PCP, which is independent upon sex, age, CD4 count, HIV-1 viral load and hepatitis B and C status (adjusted hazard ratio 7.93, 95% confidence interval 2.19\u201328.67, p = 0.002).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deficiency of MBL expression is a strong risk factor determining the incidence of PCP but not other major OIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T13:29:47Z","timestamp":1608730187000},"page":"e0242438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Deficiency of mannose-binding lectin is a risk of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a natural history cohort of people living with HIV\/AIDS in Northern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8542-7449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kunio","family":"Yanagisawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuanjun","family":"Wichukchinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naho","family":"Tsuchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michio","family":"Yasunami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archawin","family":"Rojanawiwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroh","family":"Saji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3753-9862","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Handa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panita","family":"Pathipvanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koya","family":"Ariyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pathom","family":"Sawanpanyalert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242438.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0783","article-title":"Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Major Opportunistic Infections among Antiretroviral-Na\u00efve Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in Japan, Northern Thailand, Northern Vietnam, and the Philippines","volume":"97","author":"LMA Gangcuangco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0242438.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-229","article-title":"The prevalence of opportunistic infections and malignancies in autopsied patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Japan","volume":"14","author":"H Katano","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0242438.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000145351.96815.d5","article-title":"The TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database: baseline and retrospective data","volume":"38","author":"J Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0242438.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.5.491","article-title":"The incidence of AIDS-defining illnesses in 4883 patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 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