{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:40:17Z","timestamp":1790890817459,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Education, the People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute gastroenteritis is one of the major health problems in children aged &lt;5 years around the world. Rotavirus A (RVA) is an important pathogen of acute gastroenteritis. The burden of rotavirus disease in the pediatric population is still high in Bangladesh. This study investigated the prevalence of group A, B, and C rotavirus (RAV, RBV, RCV), norovirus, adenovirus (AdV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) infections in children with acute gastroenteritis in Bangladesh from February 2014 to January 2019. A total of 574 fecal specimens collected from children with diarrhea in Bangladesh during the period of February 2014-January 2019 were examined for RAV, RBV and RCV by reverse transcriptase- multiplex polymerase chain reaction (RT- multiplex PCR). RAV was further characterized to G-typing and P-typing by RT-multiplex PCR and sequencing method. It was found that 24.4% (140 of 574) fecal specimens were positive for RVA followed by AdV of 4.5%. RBV and RCV could not be detected in this study. Genotype G1P[8] was the most prevalent (43%), followed by G2P[4] (18%), and G9P[8] (3%). Among other genotypes, G9P[4] was most frequent (12%), followed by G1P[6] (11%), G9P[6] (3%), and G11P[25] (3%). We found that 7% RVA were nontypeable. Mutations at antigenic regions of the VP7 gene were detected in G1P[8] and G2P[4] strains. Incidence of rotavirus infection had the highest peak (58.6%) during November to February with diarrhea (90.7%) as the most common symptom. Children aged 4\u201311 months had the highest rotavirus infection percentage (37.9%). By providing baseline data, this study helps to assess efficacy of currently available RVA vaccine. This study revealed a high RVA detection rate, supporting health authorities in planning strategies such as introduction of RVA vaccine in national immunization program to reduce the disease burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T18:27:40Z","timestamp":1606760860000},"page":"e0242813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Molecular epidemiology and surveillance of circulating rotavirus among children with gastroenteritis in Bangladesh during 2014\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2440-5673","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuvra Kanti","family":"Dey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2377-9726","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nadim","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Sadi","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mithun Kumar","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Azam","family":"Talukder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tung","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ushijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0242813.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.036","article-title":"Global burden of diarrheal diseases among children in developing countries: Incidence, etiology, and insights from new molecular diagnostic techniques","volume":"35","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e893","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30207-4","article-title":"Global impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus hospitalisations among children under 5 years of age, 2008\u201316: findings from the Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network","volume":"7","author":"N Aliabadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref003","first-page":"85","article-title":"Frequency of rotavirus and adenovirus in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis","volume":"9","author":"US\u015e Co\u015fkun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-020-00277-z","article-title":"Burden of Gastroduodenal Diseases from the Global Perspective","volume":"18","author":"V Milivojevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref005","first-page":"799","article-title":"The burden and etiology of diarrheal illness in developing countries","volume":"64","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatric Clinics"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref006","first-page":"159","article-title":"Gastroenteritis in children","volume":"99","author":"S Hartman","year":"2019","journal-title":"American family physician"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2018.1508885","article-title":"Rotavirus: the guard dies, but it does not surrender","volume":"51","author":"A Tilmanne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref008","first-page":"617","article-title":"Rotavirus infection: a disease of the past?","volume":"29","author":"PH Dennehy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Clinics"},{"issue":"32","key":"pone.0242813.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.05.087","article-title":"Impact and cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in Bangladesh","volume":"35","author":"C Pecenka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0242813.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2003","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2003","article-title":"Rotavirus: Genetics, pathogenesis and vaccine advances","volume":"28","author":"A Sadiq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reviews in medical virology"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D708","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx932","article-title":"Virus taxonomy: the database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)","volume":"46","author":"EJ Lefkowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0242813.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1960","article-title":"Rotavirus vaccination and the global burden of rotavirus diarrhea among children younger than 5 years","volume":"172","author":"C Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA pediatrics"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref013","first-page":"85","article-title":"Rotavirus diversity and evolution in the post-vaccine world","volume":"13","author":"JT Patton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Discovery medicine"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25530","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of group A rotavirus in outpatient diarrhea infants and children in Chongqing, China, 2011\u20132015","volume":"91","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.06.018","article-title":"Update on the disease burden and circulating strains of rotavirus in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"N Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.092","article-title":"Burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis and distribution of rotavirus strains in Asia: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"K Kawai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.10.002","article-title":"A systematic review of rotavirus strain diversity in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan","volume":"30","author":"MG Miles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-008-0212-9","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of rotaviruses with genotypes G1, G2, G9 and G12 in Bangladesh: evidence for a close relationship between rotaviruses from children and adults","volume":"153","author":"SK Paul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Archives of virology"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1082-4","article-title":"Rotavirus epidemiology and vaccine demand: considering Bangladesh chapter through the book of global disease burden","volume":"46","author":"A Mahmud-Al-Rafat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1501.080883","article-title":"G2 strain of rotavirus among infants and children, Bangladesh","volume":"15","author":"SK Dey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-320","article-title":"Changing profile of rotavirus genotypes in Bangladesh, 2006\u20132012","volume":"13","author":"MH Afrad","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.03.076","article-title":"The rotavirus vaccine development pipeline","volume":"37","author":"CD Kirkwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4645","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02342-06","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterization of group A rotavirus strains circulating among children with acute gastroenteritis in Japan","volume":"81","author":"TG Phan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.10.032","article-title":"Rotavirus, vaccine failure or diagnostic error?","volume":"34","author":"M Lopez-Lacort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref025","article-title":"Molecular and epidemiological trends of human bocavirus and adenovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Bangladesh during 2015 to 2019","author":"N Sharif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology. In press"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref026","first-page":"c1979","article-title":"BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","author":"TA Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic acids symposium series; [London]: Information Retrieval Ltd"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X. molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular biology and evolution"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11030","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404206101","article-title":"Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method","volume":"101","author":"K Tamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.092","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses in the south-east Asian region from 2009 to 2015","volume":"36","author":"S Giri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0242813.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0220387","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220387","article-title":"Molecular characterization of human group A rotavirus genotypes circulating in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan during 2015\u20132016","volume":"14","author":"A Sadiq","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.10.010","article-title":"Surveillance and molecular characterization of human adenovirus in patients with acute gastroenteritis in the era of rotavirus vaccine, Brazil, 2012\u20132017","volume":"109","author":"D Primo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0242813.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2017.59.69","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus in Children under Five in Africa (2006\u20132016): A Systematic Review","volume":"20","author":"D Ouermi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0242813.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00484-07","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus in Central and Southeastern Europe","volume":"45","author":"O Tcheremenskaia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0242813.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002637","article-title":"Molecular and Epidemiologic Analysis of Diarrheal Pathogens in Children With Acute Gastroenteritis in Bangladesh During 2014\u20132019","volume":"39","author":"N Sharif","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31815eedfa","article-title":"Rotavirus disease: impact of coinfections","volume":"27","author":"E Grimprel","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Pediatric infectious disease journal"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038168","article-title":"Seasonality of rotavirus in South Asia: a meta-analysis approach assessing associations with temperature, precipitation, and vegetation index","volume":"7","author":"JS Jagai","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.7439\/ijbr.v6i3.1672","article-title":"Prevalence and Seasonal distribution of Rotavirus Diarrhea in hospitalized children less than 5 years old in South Rajasthan","volume":"6","author":"P Ameta","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal on Biomedical Research"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10724","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00340-06","article-title":"Heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of evolution of G1 human rotaviruses in a settled population","volume":"80","author":"S Arista","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01718215","article-title":"Divergence of VP7 genes of G1 rotaviruses isolated from infants vaccinated with reassortant rhesus rotaviruses","volume":"141","author":"Q Jin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Virology"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2019.100621","article-title":"Resurgence and predominance of G3P [8] human rotaviruses in north-central Bangladesh, 2018\u20132019","volume":"33","author":"R Mazid","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Microbes and New Infections"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-2-341","article-title":"Genetic and antigenic variation of capsid protein VP7 of serotype G1 human rotavirus isolates","volume":"80","author":"CS Diwakarla","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of general virology"},{"key":"pone.0242813.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808001532","article-title":"Characterization of VP7 and VP4 genes of rotavirus strains: 1990\u20131994 and 2000\u20132002","volume":"137","author":"JK Zade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology & Infection"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242813","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T23:13:36Z","timestamp":1618528416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242813"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Baochuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242813","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]}}}