{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T18:23:18Z","timestamp":1776709398317,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronaviruses and influenza viruses have similarities and differences. In order to comprehensively compare them, their genome sequencing data were examined by principal component analysis. Coronaviruses had fewer variations than a subclass of influenza viruses. In addition, differences among coronaviruses that infect a variety of hosts were also small. These characteristics may have facilitated the infection of different hosts. Although many of the coronaviruses were conservative, those repeatedly found among humans showed annual changes. If SARS-CoV-2 changes its genome like the Influenza H type, it will repeatedly spread every few years. In addition, the coronavirus family has many other candidates for new pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T19:08:04Z","timestamp":1607022484000},"page":"e0242954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Principal component analysis of coronaviruses reveals their diversity and seasonal and pandemic potential"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4826-6265","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tomokazu","family":"Konishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242954.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-020-00404-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions","volume":"10","author":"K-S Yuen","journal-title":"Cell & Bioscience2020"},{"key":"pone.0242954.ref002","unstructured":"WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic 2020 [cited 2020 23 May]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242954.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55253-0","article-title":"Principal Component Analysis applied directly to Sequence Matrix","volume":"9","author":"T Konishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242954.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55254-z","article-title":"Re-evaluation of the evolution of influenza H1 viruses using direct PCA","volume":"9","author":"T Konishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0242954.ref005","first-page":"e00067","article-title":"Emergency Services of Viral RNAs: Repair and Remodeling","volume":"82","author":"VI Agol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0242954.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108693","article-title":"Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses","volume":"244","author":"N Decaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0242954.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3003","article-title":"The role of mutational robustness in RNA virus evolution","volume":"11","author":"AS Lauring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature reviews Microbiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0242954.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.3390\/v2081803","article-title":"Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis","volume":"2","author":"PC Woo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5624","key":"pone.0242954.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085952","article-title":"Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome","volume":"300","author":"PA Rota","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0242954.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2110281","article-title":"Structure and function of the influenza virus genome","volume":"211","author":"JW McCauley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"pone.0242954.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-16-S18-S7","article-title":"Principal component analysis for designed experiments","volume":"1618","author":"T Konishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0242954.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21443","article-title":"Coronavirus infection and hospitalizations for acute respiratory illness in young children","volume":"81","author":"HKB Talbot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242954.ref013","first-page":"e0191789","article-title":"Epidemiology characteristics of human coronaviruses in patients with respiratory infection symptoms and phylogenetic analysis of HCoV-OC43 during 2010\u20132015 in Guangzhou","volume":"13","author":"S-f Zhang","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0242954.ref014","unstructured":"WHO. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 2020 [cited 2020 23 May]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/sars\/en\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242954.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010059","article-title":"From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight","volume":"11","author":"Z Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0242954.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2191","article-title":"What Have We Learned About Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Emergence in Humans? A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"19","author":"P Dawson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0242954.ref017","unstructured":"WHO. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 2020 [cited 2020 23 May]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/mers-cov\/en\/."},{"issue":"7798","key":"pone.0242954.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"F Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7798","key":"pone.0242954.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0242954.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2306","article-title":"Assessment of Deaths From COVID-19 and From Seasonal Influenza","volume":"180","author":"JS Faust","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0242954.ref021","unstructured":"CDC. Similarities and Differences between Flu and COVID-19 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/symptoms\/flu-vs-covid19.htm."},{"issue":"D1","key":"pone.0242954.ref022","first-page":"D45","article-title":"DDBJ Database updates and computational infrastructure enhancement","volume":"48","author":"O Ogasawara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"key":"pone.0242954.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0749-z","article-title":"DECIPHER: harnessing local sequence context to improve protein multiple sequence alignment","volume":"16","author":"ES Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0242954.ref024","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R_Core_Team","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242954.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.1018","article-title":"Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health","volume":"1","author":"S Elbe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Chall"},{"issue":"5664","key":"pone.0242954.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092002","article-title":"Molecular Evolution of the SARS Coronavirus During the Course of the SARS Epidemic in China","volume":"303","author":"The_Chinese_SARS_Molecular_Epidemiology_Consortium","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5643","key":"pone.0242954.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087139","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Viruses Related to the SARS Coronavirus from Animals in Southern China","volume":"302","author":"Y Guan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242954.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-3","article-title":"Date of origin of the SARS coronavirus strains","volume":"4","author":"H Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0242954.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01394-09","article-title":"Recombination, Reservoirs, and the Modular Spike: Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cross-Species Transmission","volume":"84","author":"RL Graham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242954.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21190-7","article-title":"Characterization of viral RNA splicing using whole-transcriptome datasets from host species","volume":"8","author":"C Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0242954.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700229","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201700229","article-title":"DNA Repair: The Search for Homology","volume":"40","author":"JE Haber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0242954.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2012.141280","article-title":"Replication and shedding of MERS-CoV in upper respiratory tract of inoculated dromedary camels","volume":"20","author":"DR Adney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0242954.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2191","article-title":"What Have We Learned About Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Emergence in Humans? A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0242954.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0237300","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237300","article-title":"Structural insight into the role of novel SARS-CoV-2 E protein: A potential target for vaccine development and other therapeutic strategies","volume":"15","author":"M Sarkar","journal-title":"PLoS ONE 2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0242954.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2018.02.017","article-title":"Structural model of the SARS coronavirus E channel in LMPG micelles","volume":"1860","author":"W Surya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)\u2014Biomembranes"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0242954.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.405","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection: molecular mechanisms and in vivo implications","volume":"13","author":"A Takada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reviews in medical virology"},{"issue":"6965","key":"pone.0242954.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"W Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0242954.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P80","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-6561-5-S1-P80","article-title":"Investigation of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) of SARS coronavirus infection and its role in pathogenesis of SARS","volume":"5","author":"MS Yip","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Proc"},{"key":"pone.0242954.ref039","article-title":"A perspective on potential antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2","author":"AM Arvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242954","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T19:09:14Z","timestamp":1607022554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242954"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Binod","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242954","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]}}}