{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:10:42Z","timestamp":1791069042565,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence and causes of blindness, vision impairment and cataract surgery coverage among Rohingya refugees aged \u2265 50 years residing in camps in Cox\u2019s Bazar, Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) methodology to select 76 clusters of 50 participants aged \u2265 50 years with probability proportionate to size. Demographic and cataract surgery data were collected using questionnaires, visual acuity was assessed per World Health Organization criteria and examinations were conducted by torch, and with direct ophthalmoscopy in eyes with pinhole-corrected vision &lt;6\/12. RAAB software was used for data entry and analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined 3,629 of 3800 selected persons (95.5%). Age and sex adjusted prevalence of blindness (&lt;3\/60), severe visual impairment (SVI; &gt;3\/60 to \u22646\/60), moderate visual impairment (MVI; &gt;6\/60 to \u22646\/18), and early visual impairment (EVI; &gt;6\/18 to \u22646\/12) were 2.14%, 2.35%, 9.68% and 14.7% respectively. Cataract was responsible for 75.0% of blindness and 75.8% of SVI, while refractive error caused 47.9% and 90.9% of MVI and EVI respectively. Most vision loss (95.9%) was avoidable. Cataract surgical coverage among the blind was 81.2%. Refractive error was detected in 17.1% (n = 622) of participants and 95.2% (n = 592) of these did not have spectacles. In the full Rohingya cohort of 76,692, approximately 10,000 surgeries are needed to correct all eyes impaired (&lt;6\/18) by cataract, 12,000 need distance glasses and 73,000 require presbyopic correction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of blindness was lower than expected for a displaced population, in part due to few Rohingya being \u226560 years and the camp\u2019s good access to cataract surgery. We suggest the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees include eye care among recommended health services for all refugees with long-term displacement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T15:42:45Z","timestamp":1606837365000},"page":"e0243005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and cataract surgery coverage among forcibly displaced Myanmar Nationals (Rohingya refugees) in Cox\u2019s Bazar, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"A. H. M. Enayet","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munir","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2907-9966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jerry E.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johurul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuddha D.","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taraprasad","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Congdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutful","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulam","family":"Khandaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Muhit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Awlad","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6299-1984","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Danny","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0243005.ref001","unstructured":"World Report on Vision. 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Universal Eye Health A Global Action Plan 2014\u20132019. 2013. http:\/\/www.vision2020australia.org.au\/uploads\/resource\/108\/Universal-Eye-Health-A-Global-Action-Plan-2014-2019.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0243005.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.07.007","article-title":"Disparities in visual impairment by immigrant status in the United States","volume":"158","author":"FA Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0243005.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e888","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30293-0","article-title":"Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"RRA Bourne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0243005.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Coverage of Cataract Surgical Services: Associations with Sex, Disability, and Economic Status in Five Diverse Sites","author":"E Jolley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0243005.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.26719\/1998.4.3.560","article-title":"Prevalence of visual impairment and eye diseases in Afghan refugees in Pakistan","volume":"4","author":"HR Awan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"pone.0243005.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11854","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011854","article-title":"Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in the Occupied Palestinian Territories","volume":"5","author":"F Chiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0243005.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040217","article-title":"Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in Western Rwanda: blindness in a postconflict setting","volume":"4","author":"W Mathenge","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pone.0243005.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2012.690493","article-title":"Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in two northern provinces of Burundi without eye services","volume":"19","author":"L Kandeke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0243005.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e477","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030477","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of blindness and low vision in southern Sudan","volume":"3","author":"J Ngondi","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pone.0243005.ref011","unstructured":"United Nations Human Rights Council. 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