{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:36:38Z","timestamp":1789151798480,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    While praziquantel mass drug administration is currently the most widely used method in the control of human schistosomiasis, it does not prevent subsequent reinfection hence persistent transmission. Towards schistosomiasis elimination, understanding the reinfection rate is crucial in planning for the future interventions. However, there is scarcity of information on the global reinfection rate of schistosomiasis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at summarizing studies that estimated the reinfection rate of human schistosomiasis. Three data bases (PubMed, Hinari and Google Scholar) were thoroughly searched to retrieve original research articles presenting data on reinfection rate of human schistosomiasis. Study quality and risk of bias was assessed based on Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist. Meta-analysis was conducted using statistical R version 3.6.2 and R Studio using \u201cmeta\u201d and \u201cmetafor\u201d packages. Random effect model was employed to estimate pooled reinfection rates. Heterogeneity was determined using Cochran\u2019s Q (chi-square)\u2013test and Higgins\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    statistics. A total of 29 studies met inclusion criteria to be included in this review. All studies had at least satisfactory (5\u20139 scores) quality. The overal mean and pooled reinfection rates of schistosomiasis were 36.1% (\u00b123.3%) and 33.2% (95% CI, 26.5\u201340.5%) respectively. For intestinal schistosomiasis, the mean and pooled reinfection rates were 43.9% (\u00b120.6%) and 43.4% (95% CI, 35.8\u201351.4%), and that for urogenital schistosomiasis were 17.6% (\u00b110.8%) and 19.4% (95% CI, 12.3%\u2013 29.2%) respectively. Cochran\u2019s Q (chi-square)\u2013test and Higgins I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    statistic indicated significant heterogeneity across studies (p-values &lt; 0.001,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    values &gt; 95%). Results of subgroup analysis showed that, the type of\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, participants\u2019 age group, sample size and geographical area had influence on disparity variation in reinfection rate of schistosomiasis (p &lt; 0.1). Despite the control measures in place, the re-infection rate is still high, specifically on intestinal schistosomiasis as compared to urogenital schistosomiasis. Achieving 2030 sustainable development goal 3 on good health and wellbeing intensive programmatic strategies for schistosomiasis elimination should be implemented. Among such strategies to be used at national level are repeated mass drug administration at least every six months, intensive snails control and health education.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T13:59:43Z","timestamp":1607003983000},"page":"e0243224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A systematic review and meta-analysis on the rate of human schistosomiasis reinfection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9380-6158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdallah","family":"Zacharia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9732-3057","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vivian","family":"Mushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Twilumba","family":"Makene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0243224.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9597.1000177","article-title":"Water contact activities and prevalence of schistosomiasis infection among school-age children in communities along an irrigation scheme in rural Northern Ghana","volume":"4","author":"F Anto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0243224.ref002","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis","author":"R Sturrock","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0243224.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0243224.ref004","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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