{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:53:48Z","timestamp":1787320428130,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA-NIFA","award":["Texas A&M AgriLife Research project H8708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Texas A&M AgriLife Research project H8708"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study investigates the microbiological and immunological basis underlying the efficacy of electron beam-inactivated immune modulators. The underlying hypothesis is that exposure to eBeam-based ionization reactions inactivate microorganisms without modifying their antigenic properties and thereby creating immune modulators. The immunological correlates of protection induced by such eBeam based\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium (EBST) immune modulators in dendritic cell (DC) (\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and mice (\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) models were assessed. The EBST stimulated innate pro inflammatory response (TNF\u03b1) and maturation (MHC-II, CD40, CD80 and CD86) of DC. Immuno-stimulatory potential of EBST was on par with both a commercial\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    vaccine, and live\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells. The EBST cells did not multiply under permissive\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions. However, EBST cells remained metabolically active. EBST immunized mice developed\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    -specific CD4+ T-cells that produced the Th1 cytokine IFN\u03b3 at a level similar to that induced by the live attenuated vaccine (AroA\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    ST) formulation. The EBST retained stable immunogenic properties for several months at room temperature, 4\u00b0C, and -20\u00b0C as well as after lyophilization. Therefore, such eBeam-based immune modulators have potential as vaccine candidates since they offer the safety of a \u201ckilled\u201d vaccine, while retaining the immunogenicity of an \u201cattenuated\u201d vaccine. The ability to store eBeam based immune modulators at room temperature without loss of potency is also noteworthy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T13:37:59Z","timestamp":1618580279000},"page":"e0243417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Assessment of microbiological correlates and immunostimulatory potential of electron beam inactivated metabolically active yet non culturable (MAyNC) Salmonella Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chandni","family":"Praveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohini S.","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert 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