{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T01:26:40Z","timestamp":1788830800735,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004482","name":"Kuwait University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YM 06\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YM 06\/14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004482","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria still continues to be the most important parasitic disease worldwide, affecting 228 million people and causing 405,000 deaths each year. In this retrospective study during 2013 to 2018, we documented the incidence of imported malaria infection and evaluated the impact of malaria preventive measures in Kuwait, a non-endemic country. The epidemiologic and demographic data of all malaria cases was collected from the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait where all suspected cases of malaria are referred for confirmation and therapeutic intervention. The diagnosis of malaria infection was done by microscopy of Giemsa stained blood films. Selected samples were retested with BinaxNOW<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> Malaria rapid test and molecular assay to reconfirm the <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> spp. or mixed infection. Overall, 1913 (25.9%) malaria cases were detected, 81.5% of which were among male subjects. Male subjects had higher incidence of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria (113; 91.1%) and mixed infection with <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> (1245; 90.0%) compared to females who had higher rate of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection (52.4%). An overwhelming majority of malaria cases (1895; 99.1%) were detected among expatriates from malaria-endemic countries; India (1012; 52.9%), Pakistan (390; 20.4%), Afghanistan (94; 4.9%) and African countries (313; 16.3%). Only 18 cases involved Kuwaiti nationals, all with a history of travel to African countries. The majority of malaria cases were detected during the summer and fall months (May-October). Our data showed that the incidence rate of imported malaria cases was stable during 2013 to 2018, however, the incidence of total malaria cases showed a declining trend over the years. This study confirms that the preventive program has been successful in reducing the incidence of imported malaria infections in Kuwait. The most striking finding of this study was high incidence of mixed infection with <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>, with almost all (97%) cases among workers from India.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T18:38:04Z","timestamp":1607711884000},"page":"e0243617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Decreasing trend of imported malaria cases but increasing influx of mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in malaria-free Kuwait"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2484-0704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jamshaid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Al-Awadhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3492-4781","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suhail","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0243617.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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