{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:29:03Z","timestamp":1787164143418,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PAPIIT IN212817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT IN212817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PAPIIT IN212817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT IN212817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Mexican Departement of Agriculture"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Multi-drug resistant (MDR) non-typhoidal\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (NTS) is a public health concern globally. This study reports the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of NTS isolates from bovine lymph nodes (n = 48) and ground beef (n = 29). Furthermore, we compared genotypic AMR data of our isolates with those of publicly available NTS genomes from Mexico (n = 2400). The probability of finding MDR isolates was higher in ground beef than in lymph nodes:\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 12.0, P = 0.0005. The most common resistant phenotypes involved tetracycline (40.3%), carbenicillin (26.0%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (20.8%), chloramphenicol (19.5%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (16.9%), while more than 55% of the isolates showed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and 26% were MDR. Conversely, resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems was infrequent (0\u20139%). MDR phenotypes were strongly associated with NTS serovar (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 24.5, P&lt;0.0001), with Typhimurium accounting for 40% of MDR strains. Most of these (9\/10), carried\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    genomic island 1, which harbors a class-1 integron with multiple AMR genes (\n                    <jats:italic>aadA2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>blaCARB-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>floR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>tetG<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) that confer a penta-resistant phenotype. MDR phenotypes were also associated with mutations in the\n                    <jats:italic>ramR<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 17.7, P&lt;0.0001). Among public NTS isolates from Mexico, those from cattle and poultry had the highest proportion of MDR genotypes. Our results suggest that attaining significant improvements in AMR meat safety requires the identification and removal (or treatment) of product harboring MDR NTS, instead of screening for\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. or for isolates showing resistance to individual antibiotics. In that sense, massive integration of whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies in AMR surveillance provides the shortest path to accomplish these goals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T14:45:34Z","timestamp":1620225934000},"page":"e0243681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Genomic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance shows cattle and poultry are a moderate source of multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella in Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5380-8095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enrique Jes\u00fas","family":"Delgado-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Pal\u00f3s-Guit\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Alejandro","family":"Ru\u00edz-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy Fabiola","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayarit Em\u00e9rita","family":"Ballesteros-Nova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orbel\u00edn","family":"Soberanis-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n Danilo","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc W.","family":"Allard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Salud","family":"Rubio-Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243681.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.22175\/mmb.11218","article-title":"SMART: antimicrobial resistance goals to drive meat safety improvement","volume":"4","author":"JW Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meat and Muscle Biology"},{"key":"pone.0243681.ref002","volume-title":"Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production","author":"BA Wall","year":"2016"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0243681.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01682-17","article-title":"Impact of \"raised without antibiotics\" beef cattle production practices on occurrences of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"83","author":"A Vikram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0243681.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01386","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01386-19","article-title":"Population dynamics of Salmonella enterica within beef cattle cohorts followed from single-dose metaphylactic antibiotic treatment until slaughter","volume":"85","author":"G Levent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0243681.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0225697","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225697","article-title":"Quantitative dynamics of Salmonella and E. coli in feces of feedlot cattle treated with ceftiofur and chlortetracycline","volume":"14","author":"N Ohta","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0243681.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01980","article-title":"Characterization of the microbial resistome in conventional and \"raised without antibiotics\" beef and dairy production systems","volume":"10","author":"P Rovira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0243681.ref007","unstructured":"SSA. 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