{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:12:14Z","timestamp":1787501534417,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant 201310GAD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 201310GAD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002790","name":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant 2015-05067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 2015-05067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Engaging in facial emotion mimicry during social interactions encourages empathy and functions as a catalyst for interpersonal bonding. Decreased reflexive mirroring of facial expressions has been observed in individuals with different non-psychotic disorders, relative to healthy controls. Given reports of interpersonal relationship difficulties experienced by those who engage in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), it is of interest to explore facial emotion mimicry in individuals with a history of this behaviour (HNSSI). Among other things, this will enable us to better understand their emotion regulation and social interaction challenges. Surface facial electromyography (fEMG) was used to record the reflexive facial mimicry of 30 HNSSI and 30 controls while they passively observed a series of dynamic facial stimuli showing various facial expressions of emotion. Beginning with a neutral expression, the stimuli quickly morphed to one of 6 prototypic emotional expressions (anger, fear, surprise, disgust, happiness, or sadness). Mimicry was assessed by affixing surface electrodes to facial muscles known to exhibit a high degree of electrical activity in response to positive and negative emotions: the corrugator supercilii and the zygomaticus major. HNSSI participants, relative to controls, exhibited significantly less electrical activity in the corrugator muscle in response to viewing angry stimuli, and significantly less of an expected relaxation in muscle activity in response to viewing happy stimuli. Mirroring these results, greater endorsement of social influence as a motivator for engaging in NSSI was associated with less mimicry, and greater endorsement of emotion regulation as a motivator was associated with greater incongruent muscle response when viewing happy faces. These findings lend support to the theory that social interaction difficulties in HNSSI might be related to implicit violations of expected social rules exhibited through facial mimicry nonconformity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T13:50:16Z","timestamp":1609163416000},"page":"e0243860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Electromyographic evidence of reduced emotion mimicry in individuals with a history of non-suicidal self-injury"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4145-0254","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Ziebell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Collin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Mazalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Rainville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madyson","family":"Weippert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misha","family":"Skolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0243860.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/11875-000","volume-title":"Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment","author":"MK Nock","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0243860.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710002497","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions","volume":"41","author":"ED Klonsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological medicine."},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5\u00ae).","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0243860.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170700027X","article-title":"Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents.","volume":"37","author":"EE Lloyd-Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/13811110701247602","article-title":"The epidemiology and phenomenology of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior among adolescents: A critical review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"CM Jacobson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Suicide Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-6-10","article-title":"International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm","volume":"6","author":"J.J Muehlenkamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0243860.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20412","article-title":"Self\u2010injury: A research review for the practitioner","volume":"63","author":"ED Klonsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030278","article-title":"The relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury and attempted suicide: Converging evidence from four samples","volume":"122","author":"ED Klonsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of abnormal psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0243860.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.09.010","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury as a gateway to suicide in young adults","volume":"52","author":"J Whitlock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of adolescent health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.08.002","article-title":"The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence","volume":"27","author":"ED Klonsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical psychology review"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0243860.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.5.885","article-title":"A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior","volume":"72","author":"MK Nock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.1.140","article-title":"Contextual features and behavioral functions of self-mutilation among adolescents","volume":"114","author":"MK Nock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of abnormal psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0243860.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.06.033","article-title":"Reciprocal associations between adolescent girls\u2019 chronic interpersonal stress and nonsuicidal self-injury: A multi-wave prospective investigation","volume":"63","author":"AB Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of adolescent health"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258","volume":"6","author":"MK Nock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Self-injury. Annual review of clinical psychology"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-7-5","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury and emotion regulation: A review on facial emotion recognition and facial mimicry.","volume":"7","author":"T In-Albon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref016","volume-title":"The silent language","author":"ET Hall","year":"1959"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0243860.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2009.11.001","article-title":"You smile\u2013I smile: Emotion expression in social interaction.","volume":"84","author":"U Hess","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biological psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x","article-title":"Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and function of self-injury","volume":"18","author":"MK Nock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current directions in psychological science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.28","article-title":"Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, and social problem-solving deficits among adolescent self-injurers","volume":"76","author":"MK Nock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref020","volume-title":"Emotional contagion: Studies in emotion and social interaction","author":"E Hatfield","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00221","article-title":"Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions","volume":"11","author":"U Dimberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychological science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868312472607","article-title":"Emotional mimicry as social regulation","volume":"17","author":"U Hess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personality and social psychology eview"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0243860.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02516.x","article-title":"Facial reactions to facial expressions","volume":"19","author":"U. Dimberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref024","first-page":"419","volume-title":"The Oxford companion to emotion and the affective sciences","author":"AV van Boxtel","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref025","first-page":"105","volume-title":"The Oxford companion to emotion and the affective sciences","author":"AV van Boxtel","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, M., Rahmani, AM, Westerlund, T, Liljeberg, P, Tenhunen, H. (2015, October). Facial Expression Recognition with sEMG Method. In Computer and Information Technology; Ubiquitous Computing and Communications; Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 2015 IEEE International Conference, 981\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIT\/IUCC\/DASC\/PICOM.2015.148"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0243860.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1037\/1196-1961.49.3.313","article-title":"Le d\u00e9codage de prototypes \u00e9motionnels faciaux \/ The decoding of facial emotional prototypes","volume":"49","author":"P. Gosselin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology \/ Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Exp\u00e9rimentale"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref028","first-page":"203","article-title":"Facial expressions are contagious","volume":"9","author":"L Lundqvist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51368-6","article-title":"The effect of being watched on facial EMG and autonomic activity in response to another individual\u2019s facial expressions","volume":"9","author":"JK Hietanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12676","article-title":"Reliability of surface facial electromyography","volume":"54","author":"U Hess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2017.1284046","article-title":"Emotional mimicry of older adults\u2019 expressions: effects of partial inclusion in a Cyberball paradigm","volume":"32","author":"I H\u00fchnel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0243860.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3750693","article-title":"Facial reactions to happy and angry facial expressions: Evidence for right hemisphere dominance","volume":"37","author":"UL Dimberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1995.tb00974.x","article-title":"Facial EMG reactions to facial expressions: A case of facial emotional contagion?.","volume":"36","author":"LO Lundqvist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scandinavian journal of psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-5118-x","article-title":"Invisible side of emotions: somato-motor responses to affective facial displays in alexithymia","volume":"236","author":"C Scarpazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Experimental brain research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022582","article-title":"Convergent and divergent responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup","volume":"11","author":"J van der Schalk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0243860.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2007.10.007","article-title":"Modulation of facial mimicry by attitudes","volume":"44","author":"KU Likowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of experimental social psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00771.x","article-title":"Modulation of facial reactions to avatar emotional faces by nonconscious competition priming","volume":"46","author":"P Weyers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01853","article-title":"Emotional empathy and facial mimicry for static and dynamic facial expressions of fear and disgust","volume":"7","author":"K Rymarczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00701","article-title":"Empathy in facial mimicry of fear and disgust: simultaneous EMG-fMRI recordings during observation of static and dynamic facial expressions","volume":"10","author":"K Rymarczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0243860.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016819","article-title":"Corrugator muscle responses are associated with individual differences in positivity-negativity bias","volume":"9","author":"M Neta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref041","first-page":"45","article-title":"Your Face is Even More Surprised Than You Are: Evidence from Facial Electromyographic Activity Exposing the Genuine Surprise","volume":"18","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"The north american journal of psychology"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.11.001","article-title":"EMG activity in response to static and dynamic facial expressions","volume":"79","author":"K. Rymarczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0243860.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0158534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158534","article-title":"Do dynamic compared to static facial expressions of happiness and anger reveal enhanced facial mimicry?.","volume":"11","author":"K Rymarczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0243860.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.6.893","article-title":"The chameleon effect: The perception-behaviour link and social interaction","volume":"76","author":"TL Chartrand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0243860.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X10000865","article-title":"The simulation of smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression","volume":"33","author":"PM Niedenthal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioural and brain sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0243860.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.3.395","article-title":"Feeling and facial efference: Implications of the vascular theory of emotion","volume":"96","author":"RB Zajonc","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychological review"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00475","article-title":"Emotional mimicry in social context: The case of disgust and pride","volume":"3","author":"AH Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0243860.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2007.11.008","article-title":"The impact of social context on mimicry","volume":"77","author":"P Bourgeois","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.447","article-title":"More than mere mimicry? The influence of emotion on rapid facial reactions to faces","volume":"7","author":"EJ Moody","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0243860.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2007.10.007","article-title":"Modulation of facial mimicry by attitudes","volume":"44","author":"KU Likowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of experimental social psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0243860.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.01633.x","article-title":"How emotions regulate social life: The emotions as social information (EASI) model","volume":"18","author":"GA Van Kleef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current directions in psychological science"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107587595","volume-title":"Emotional mimicry in social context","author":"U Hess","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.3.1.48","article-title":"The social consequences of expressive suppression","volume":"3","author":"EA Butler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0243860.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910701391943","article-title":"Face to face: Blocking facial mimicry can selectively impair recognition of emotional expressions","volume":"2","author":"LM Oberman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022596","article-title":"Beyond smile dynamics: Mimicry and beliefs in judgments of smiles","volume":"11","author":"M Maringer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0243860.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/03033910.2014.982145","article-title":"Facial mimicry interference affects reaction time but not accuracy on an emotion recognition task in children, adolescents and adults","volume":"35","author":"DM Lydon","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Irish Journal of psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00161-6","article-title":"Facial mimicry and emotional contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy","volume":"40","author":"U Hess","year":"2001","journal-title":"International journal of psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007895817502","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of the role of strategic withholding of emotions in PTSD","volume":"14","author":"L Roemer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of traumatic stress"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0243860.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200212000-00006","article-title":"Exposure to trauma: The long-term effects of suppressing emotional reactions","volume":"190","author":"CA Wastell","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of nervous and mental disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0243860.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.52.4.549","article-title":"The social construction of women and disordered eating patterns","volume":"52","author":"N Piran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of counseling psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10163","article-title":"Anger and core beliefs in the eating disorders","volume":"34","author":"G Waller","year":"2003","journal-title":"International journal of eating disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348","article-title":"Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being","volume":"85","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.43.2.158","article-title":"The experience and expression of anger: Relationships with gender, gender role socialization, depression, and mental health functioning","volume":"43","author":"BA Kopper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of counseling psychology"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.02.015","article-title":"Facial expression to emotional stimuli in non-psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"H Davies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience & biobehavioural reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0243860.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(95)00014-3","article-title":"Reduced emotional response of schizophrenic patients in remission during social interaction","volume":"17","author":"RM Mattes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Schizophrenia research"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.11.1654","article-title":"Childhood precursors of schizophrenia: Facial expressions of emotion","volume":"150","author":"EF Walker","year":"1993","journal-title":"The American journal of psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0243860.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.8.737","article-title":"Emotion in criminal offenders with psychopathy and borderline personality disorder","volume":"58","author":"SC Herpertz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of general Ppsychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0243860.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2005.05.002","article-title":"Facial expression of emotions in borderline personality disorder and depression","volume":"36","author":"B Renneberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of behaviour therapy and experimental psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000351122","article-title":"Facial reactions during emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder: A facial electromyography study","volume":"47","author":"B Matzke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0243860.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000080","article-title":"Facial emotional expression in reaction to social exclusion in borderline personality disorder","volume":"41","author":"K Staebler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0243860.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2011.00894.x","article-title":"Deliberate self-harm and psychological problems in young adolescents: evidence of a bidirectional relationship in girls","volume":"52","author":"LG Lundh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scandinavian journal of psychology"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref072","first-page":"935871","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and deliberate self-harm in a community sample of adolescents: a prospective study","author":"LG Lundh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depression research and treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227019","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227019","article-title":"Using an ideal observer analysis to investigate the visual perceptual efficiency of individuals with a history of non-suicidal self-injury when identifying emotional expressions","volume":"15","author":"L Ziebell","journal-title":"PloS one. 2020"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref074","volume-title":"Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory","author":"MK Nixon","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0243860.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032575","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the functions and addictive features scales of the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory: A preliminary investigation using a university sample","volume":"25","author":"J Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.22","article-title":"Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: A latent class analysis","volume":"76","author":"ED Klonsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0243860.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-008-9107-z","article-title":"Assessing the functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury (ISAS)","volume":"31","author":"ED Klonsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of psychopathology and behavioural assessment"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0243860.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.10.019","article-title":"Simultaneous recording of EEG and facial muscle reactions during spontaneous emotional mimicry","volume":"46","author":"A Achaibou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0243860.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2008.12.002","article-title":"Reduced spontaneous facial mimicry in women with autistic traits","volume":"80","author":"EJ Hermans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biological psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0243860.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00676.x","article-title":"Guidelines for human electromyographic research","volume":"23","author":"AJ Fridlund","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref081","unstructured":"Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., \u00d6hman, A. (1998). The Karolinska directed emotional faces\u2014KDEF [CD ROM]. Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska Institutet. Available from http:\/\/www.facialstimuli.com."},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref082","unstructured":"Taffler, S, Kyberd, PJ. The use of the Hilbert transforra in EMG Analysis. Myoelectric Symposium. 1999."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243860.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9557-8","article-title":"Verbal, facial and autonomic responses to empathy-eliciting film clips by disruptive male adolescents with high versus low callous-unemotional traits","volume":"40","author":"M de Wied","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of abnormal child psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.1.26","article-title":"Emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"109","author":"BT Litz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of abnormal psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0243860.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.4.627","article-title":"Emotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder","volume":"114","author":"J Rottenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of abnormal psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0243860.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12062","article-title":"Undifferentiated facial electromyography responses to dynamic, audio\u2010visual emotion displays in individuals with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"16","author":"A Rozga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Developmental science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0243860.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709990377","article-title":"Subliminal fear priming potentiates negative facial reactions to food pictures in women with anorexia nervosa","volume":"40","author":"R Soussignan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0243860.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02438979","article-title":"Facial EMG responses to combat-related visual stimuli in veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"22","author":"JG Carlson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref089","volume-title":"Contrast analysis: Focused comparisons in the analysis of variance","author":"R Rosenthal","year":"1985"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.63","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury in young adolescent girls: Moderators of the distress-function relationship","volume":"76","author":"LM Hilt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2011.00069.x","article-title":"Intrapersonal and interpersonal functions of non suicidal self\u2010injury: Associations with emotional and social functioning","volume":"42","author":"BJ Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Suicide and life\u2010threatening behavior"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1026\/0942-5403\/a000047","article-title":"Welche Probleme berichten Jugendliche mit selbstverletzendem Verhalten?.","volume":"20","author":"E Vonderlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kindheit und Entwicklung"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0243860.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1037\/pro0000200","article-title":"Parental validation and invalidation predict adolescent self-harm","volume":"49","author":"M Adrian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Professional psychology: research and practice"},{"key":"pone.0243860.ref094","volume-title":"Human facial expression: An evolutionary view","author":"AJ Fridlund","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/15294145.2009.10773602","article-title":"Alexithymia as related to facial imitation, mentalization, empathy, and internal working models-of-self and-others","volume":"11","author":"M. Sonnby-Borgstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychoanalysis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0243860.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10050718","article-title":"Clinical and psychosocial predictors of suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in the Adolescent Depression Antidepressants and Psychotherapy Trial (ADAPT)","volume":"168","author":"P Wilkinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"American journal of psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243860.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2012.00128.x","article-title":"Interpersonal features and functions of nonsuicidal self\u2010injury","volume":"43","author":"J Muehlenkamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Suicide and life\u2010threatening behavior"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0243860","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T13:52:19Z","timestamp":1609163539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0243860"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Zezhi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0243860","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]}}}