{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:13:56Z","timestamp":1747196036982,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In current literature, data assessing the acid-base equilibrium in animals and humans during bacterial infection are rare. This study aimed to evaluate acid-base deteriorations in growing goats with experimentally induced NTM (nontuberculous mycobacteria) infections by application of the traditional Henderson-Hasselbalch approach and the strong ion model. NTM-challenged animals were orally inoculated with either<jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>hominissuis<\/jats:italic>(MAH; n = 18) or<jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>(MAP; n = 48). Twenty-five goats served as non-infected controls. Until 51<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>week post-inoculation (wpi), blood gas analysis, serum biochemical analysis, and serum electrophoresis were performed on venous blood. Fifty percent (9\/18) of goats inoculated with MAH developed acute clinical signs like apathy, fever, and diarrhea. Those animals died or had to be euthanized within 11 weeks post-inoculation. This acute form of NTM-infection was characterized by significantly lower concentrations of sodium, calcium, albumin, and total protein, as well as significantly higher concentrations of gamma globulin, associated with reduced albumin\/globulin ratio. Acid-base status indicated alkalosis, but normal base excess and HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>concentrations, besides significantly reduced levels of SID (strong ion difference), A<jats:sub>tot Alb<\/jats:sub>(total plasma concentration of weak non-volatile acids, based on albumin), A<jats:sub>tot TP<\/jats:sub>(A<jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub>based on total protein) and markedly lower SIG (strong ion gap). The remaining fifty percent (9\/18) of MAH-infected goats and all goats challenged with MAP survived and presented a more sub-clinical, chronic form of infection mainly characterized by changes in serum protein profiles. With the progression of the disease, concentrations of gamma globulin, and total protein increased while albumin remained lower compared to controls. Consequently, significantly reduced albumin\/globulin ratio and lower A<jats:sub>tot Alb<\/jats:sub>as well as higher A<jats:sub>tot TP<\/jats:sub>were observed. Changes were fully compensated with no effect on blood pH. Only the strong ion variables differentiated alterations in acid-base equilibrium during acute and chronic NTM-infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T18:35:58Z","timestamp":1607970958000},"page":"e0243892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Acid-base variables in acute and chronic form of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in growing goats experimentally inoculated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis or Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Bassis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8310-2170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Petra","family":"Reinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0243892.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.02.005","article-title":"Characterisation of acid-base abnormalities in pigs experimentally infected with Chlamydia suis","volume":"184","author":"P Reinhold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0243892.ref002","article-title":"Evaluation of pulmonary dysfunctions and acid\u2013base imbalances induced by Chlamydia psittaci in a bovine model of respiratory infection","volume":"9","author":"C Ostermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0243892.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1139\/y83-207","article-title":"Modern quantitative acid\u2013base chemistry","volume":"61","author":"PA Stewart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0243892.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.297","article-title":"A simplified strong ion model for acid-base equilibria: application to horse plasma","volume":"83","author":"PD Constable","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0243892.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2000.tb00241.x","article-title":"Clinical assessment of acid-base status: Comparison of the Henderson-Hasselbalch and strong ion approaches","volume":"29","author":"PD Constable","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0243892.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/cc644","article-title":"Determinants of blood pH in health and disease","volume":"4","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"pone.0243892.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putnam RW, Roos A. 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