{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:39:15Z","timestamp":1789015155362,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Streptomycin is used as an epidemiological marker in monitoring programs for antimicrobial resistance in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars and indicates the presence of pentaresistance. However, comprehensive data on streptomycin resistant <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> among human, animal, and animal products is lacking in Ethiopia. In this review, we aimed to assess heterogeneity and pooled proportion of <jats:italic>Salmonella serovars<\/jats:italic> to streptomycin resistance among human, animal and animal products in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature from Ethiopia. We used the MEDLINE\/ PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases to identify genetic and phenotypic data on <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates. To determine the heterogeneity and pooled proportion, we used metaprop commands and the random-effects model. Relative and cumulative frequencies were calculated to describe the overall preponderance of streptomycin resistance isolates after arcsine-transformed data. Metan funnel and meta-bias using a begg test were performed to check for publication bias.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, we included 1475 <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars in this meta-analysis. The pooled proportion of streptomycin resistance was 47% (95% CI: 35\u201360%). Sub-group analysis by target population showed that the proportion of streptomycin resistance in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars was 54% (95% CI: 35\u201373%) in animal, 44% (95% Cl: 33\u201359%) in humans and 39% (95% CI: 24\u201355%) in animals products. The streptomycin resistant <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars were statistically increasing from 0.35(95% CI: 0.12\u20130.58) in 2003 to 0.77(95% CI: 0.64\u20130.89) in 2018. The level of multidrug-resistant (MDR) <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars was 50.1% in the meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We found a high level of streptomycin resistance, including multidrug, <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars among human, animals, and animal products. This resistance was significantly increasing in the last three decades (1985\u20132018). The resistance to streptomycin among <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars isolated from animals was higher than humans. This mandates the continuous monitoring of streptomycin use and practicing one health approach to preventing further development of resistance in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis after registration of the protocol in PROSPERO (<jats:bold>CRD42019135116<\/jats:bold>) following the MOOSE (Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T20:36:18Z","timestamp":1608237378000},"page":"e0244057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Epidemiology of streptomycin resistant Salmonella from humans and animals in Ethiopia: A systematic review and 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