{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:32:02Z","timestamp":1770748322834,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRC-RFA-CC 01-2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRC-RFA-CC 01-2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combination antiretroviral drugs (cARVs) prolong patients\u2019 lives but are unfortunately thought to increase complications related to metabolic disorders including type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). We sought to confirm the association of cARVs with type-2 DM and ascertain the extent of this association in a rural South African setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case-control study of 177 (33.33%) cases with HIV\/AIDS and type-2 DM were selected and compared with 354 (66.67%) non-DM HIV\/AIDS unmatched controls from a rural district of South Africa\u2019s third most populous province (Eastern Cape). Cases were identified from community health centres using the district health information system, and controls were identified using simple random sampling from the same health facilities. Odds Ratios (OR), together with 95% confidence intervals, were calculated for all the univariable and multivariable logistic analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study found that cARVs significantly increased the occurrence of type-2 DM among HIV patients. Patients on protease inhibitors (PIs) were at least 21 times significantly (p&lt;0.0001) more likely to be diabetic than those on the fixed dose combination (FDC); those on stavudine (D4T) and zidovudine (AZT) were 2.45 times and 9.44 times respectively more likely to be diabetic than those on FDC (p&lt;0.05). The odds of diabetes increased by more than three-folds for those who had been on antiretroviral drugs for more than 6 years (p&lt;0.005).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study has been able to establish the association between cARVs and type-2 DM. It therefore proposes consideration of the usage of AZT, D4T, lopivavir and ritonavir for the treatment of HIV. The study further proposes more prospective research to test these findings further.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T20:08:40Z","timestamp":1609445320000},"page":"e0244067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The association between HIV tri-therapy with the development of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in a rural South African District: A case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1149-4483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nokwanda E.","family":"Bam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9458-3742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sikhumbuzo A.","family":"Mabunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jafta","family":"Ntsaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teke","family":"Apalata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sibusiso C.","family":"Nomatshila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wezile","family":"Chitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0244067.ref001","volume-title":"The world health report: 2006: working together for health. 2006. 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