{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:17:12Z","timestamp":1793117832420,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000659","name":"Research Trainees Coordinating Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR300156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR300156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["215654\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215654\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Progress in characterising the humoral immune response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been rapid but areas of uncertainty persist. Assessment of the full range of evidence generated to date to understand the characteristics of the antibody response, its dynamics over time, its determinants and the immunity it confers will have a range of clinical and policy implications for this novel pathogen. This review comprehensively evaluated evidence describing the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 published from 01\/01\/2020-26\/06\/2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review. Keyword-structured searches were carried out in MEDLINE, Embase and COVID-19 Primer. Articles were independently screened on title, abstract and full text by two researchers, with arbitration of disagreements. Data were double-extracted into a pre-designed template, and studies critically appraised using a modified version of the Public Health Ontario Meta-tool for Quality Appraisal of Public Health Evidence (MetaQAT) tool, with resolution of disagreements by consensus. Findings were narratively synthesised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>150 papers were included. Most studies (113 or 75%) were observational in design, were based wholly or primarily on data from hospitalised patients (108, 72%) and had important methodological limitations. Few considered mild or asymptomatic infection. Antibody dynamics were well described in the acute phase, up to around three months from disease onset, but the picture regarding correlates of the antibody response was inconsistent. IgM was consistently detected before IgG in included studies, peaking at weeks two to five and declining over a further three to five weeks post-symptom onset depending on the patient group; IgG peaked around weeks three to seven post-symptom onset then plateaued, generally persisting for at least eight weeks. Neutralising antibodies were detectable within seven to 15 days following disease onset, with levels increasing until days 14\u201322 before levelling and then decreasing, but titres were lower in those with asymptomatic or clinically mild disease. Specific and potent neutralising antibodies have been isolated from convalescent plasma. Cross-reactivity but limited cross-neutralisation with other human coronaviridae was reported. Evidence for protective immunity in vivo was limited to small, short-term animal studies, showing promising initial results in the immediate recovery phase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Literature on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 is of variable quality with considerable heterogeneity of methods, study participants, outcomes measured and assays used. Although acute phase antibody dynamics are well described, longer-term patterns are much less well evidenced. Comprehensive assessment of the role of demographic characteristics and disease severity on antibody responses is needed. Initial findings of low neutralising antibody titres and possible waning of titres over time may have implications for sero-surveillance and disease control policy, although further evidence is needed. The detection of potent neutralising antibodies in convalescent plasma is important in the context of development of therapeutics and vaccines. Due to limitations with the existing evidence base, large, cross-national cohort studies using appropriate statistical analysis and standardised serological assays and clinical classifications should be prioritised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T14:57:54Z","timestamp":1609426674000},"page":"e0244126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":282,"title":["Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nathan","family":"Post","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Eddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Huntley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May C. I.","family":"van Schalkwyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhumita","family":"Shrotri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2517-1474","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Leeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Rigby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah V.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2213-5574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William H.","family":"Bermingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kellam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian M.","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayatri","family":"Amirthalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-7337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sharif A.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0244126.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2020. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref002","unstructured":"Ferguson NM, Laydon D, Nedjati-Gilani G, Imai N, Ainslie K, Baguelin M, et al. Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. Imperial College London [Preprint]. 2020."},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref003","article-title":"The effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 cases, deaths and demand for hospital services in the UK: a modelling study","author":"Group CC-19 W","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref004","unstructured":"WHO. \u201cImmunity passports\u201d in the context of COVID-19. WHO\u2014Sci Br. 2020;"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref005","first-page":"2","article-title":"Collecting and evaluating convalescent plasma for COVID-19 treatment: why and how","volume":"02","author":"P Tiberghien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref006","article-title":"The Role of Antibody Testing for SARS-CoV-2: Is There One?","author":"ES Theel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref007","article-title":"A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: antibody kinetics, correlates of protection, and association of antibody responses with severity of disease","author":"AT Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244126.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1761267","article-title":"Lack of cross-neutralization by SARS patient sera towards SARS-CoV-2","volume":"9","author":"DE Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0244126.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001439","article-title":"The dynamics of humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential for reinfection","volume":"101","author":"P Kellam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0244126.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8","article-title":"The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention","volume":"20","author":"MZ Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref011","article-title":"Cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: a systematic review","author":"M Shrotri","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref012","unstructured":"De Brun C, Farrow E, Gledhill R, Mahon B, Muscat R, Pearce-Smith N, et al. Covid-19 Daily Digest Endnote Library. Public Health England; 2020."},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref013","unstructured":"WHO. Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance. Geneva; 2020."},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.10.027","article-title":"The development and validation of a meta-tool for quality appraisal of public health evidence: Meta Quality Appraisal Tool (MetaQAT)","volume":"136","author":"L Rosella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref015","article-title":"Serology characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection since exposure and post symptom onset","author":"B Lou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref016","article-title":"Clinical performance of different SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody tests","author":"N Kohmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref017","article-title":"Immunology of COVID-19: current state of the science","author":"N Vabret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref018","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 serological analysis of COVID-19 hospitalized patients, pauci-symptomatic individuals and blood donors","author":"L Grzelak","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref019","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody detection for sero-epidemiology: a multiplex analysis approach accounting for accurate seroprevalence","author":"G den Hartog","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref020","article-title":"Evaluating the serological status of COVID-19 patients using an indirect immunofluorescent assay, France","author":"S Edouard","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref021","article-title":"Early experiences with antibody testing in a Flemish nursing home during an acute COVID-19 outbreak a retrospective cohort study","author":"F Buntinx","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantifying antibody kinetics and RNA shedding during early-phase SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"B Borremans","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0474-z","article-title":"Serum IgA, IgM, and IgG responses in COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"H Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref024","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"28","author":"J Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref025","article-title":"Long-term coexistence of SARS-CoV-2 with antibody response in COVID-19 patients","author":"B Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0244126.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa489","article-title":"Profile of IgG and IgM antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"71","author":"J Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref027","article-title":"Quantifying the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 long-term shedding among non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients","author":"V Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref028","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes and Serologic Response in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients with COVID-19: A Case Series from the United States","author":"M Fung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref029","article-title":"Plasma from recovered COVID19 subjects inhibits spike protein binding to ACE2 in a microsphere-based inhibition assay","author":"EP Gniffke","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref030","article-title":"Immune phenotyping based on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and IgG predicts disease severity and outcome for patients with COVID-19","author":"B Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref031","article-title":"Dynamics of anti-SARS-Cov-2 IgM and IgG antibodies among COVID-19 patients","author":"YL Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref032","first-page":"19","article-title":"Antibody Detection and Dynamic Characteristics in Patients with COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"F Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref033","first-page":"22","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibody levels in convalescent plasma of six donors who have recovered from COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref034","article-title":"Study on the expression levels of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 at different period of disease and its related factors in 192 cases of COVID-19 patients","author":"J Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0244126.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000603","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.18.2000603","article-title":"Evaluation of commercial and automated SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA ELISAs using coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patient samples","volume":"25","author":"AJ J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref036","article-title":"Kinetics of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2: comparative analytical performance of seven commercial serology tests","author":"PH Herroelen","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref037","article-title":"Antibody profiling of COVID-19 patients in an urban low-incidence region in Northern Germany","author":"W Solbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref038","article-title":"Long period dynamics of viral load and antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 infection: an observational cohort study","author":"J Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref039","article-title":"Magnitude and kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses and their relationship to disease severity","author":"KL Lynch","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref040","article-title":"Profile of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: The first report","author":"AT Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref041","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection of African green monkeys results in mild respiratory disease discernible by PET\/CT imaging and prolonged shedding of infectious virus from both respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts","author":"AL Hartman","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref042","article-title":"Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19","author":"W Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref043","article-title":"The Dynamic Changes of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 during the Infection and Recovery of COVID-19","author":"K Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1762515","article-title":"Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG responses in COVID-19 patients","volume":"9","author":"B Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref045","article-title":"Elevated Serum IgM Levels Indicate Poor Outcome in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia: A Retrospective Case-Control Study","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.065","article-title":"Diagnostic value and dynamic variance of serum antibody in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"94","author":"Y Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref047","article-title":"Detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19","author":"Z Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0438-3","article-title":"Protective humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infected pediatric patients","volume":"17","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref049","article-title":"Cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibody and its correlation with circulating T follicular cells in recovered COVID-19 individuals","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0244126.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26187","article-title":"Comparison and Application of Different Immunoassay Methods for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"92","author":"J He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref051","article-title":"Cross-sectional evaluation of humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike","author":"J Pr\u00e9vost","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref052","article-title":"Longitudinal high-throughput TCR repertoire profiling reveals the dynamics of T cell memory formation after mild COVID-19 infection","author":"AA Minervina","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1136","article-title":"Detection of IgM and IgG antibodies in patients with coronavirus disease 2019","author":"H Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref054","article-title":"Development of a SARS-CoV-2 total antibody assay and the dynamics of antibody response over time in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19","author":"EH Vogelzang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref055","article-title":"Correlation between viral RNA shedding and serum antibodies in individuals with coronavirus disease 2019","author":"CC Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref056","article-title":"In-depth virological assessment of kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19","author":"I Benotmane","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref057","article-title":"IgG Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Viral RNA Persistence in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis","author":"AS De Vriese","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Kidney Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref058","article-title":"Evaluation of antibody testing for SARS-Cov-2 using ELISA and lateral flow immunoassays","author":"ER Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref059","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 antibody characterization in emergency department, hospitalized and convalescent patients by two semi-quantitative immunoassays","author":"HS Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref060","article-title":"IgA-Ab response to spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19: A longitudinal study","author":"A Padoan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim acta; Int J Clin Chem"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref061","article-title":"Longitudinal Change of SARS-Cov2 Antibodies in Patients with COVID-19","author":"G Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref062","article-title":"Characteristics of Patients with Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Confirmed using an IgM-IgG Antibody Test","author":"J Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref063","article-title":"The production of antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 and its clinical implication","author":"Q Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref064","first-page":"1","article-title":"Different longitudinal patterns of nucleic acid and serology testing results based on disease severity of COVID-19 patients","author":"Z Yongchen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0244126.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa137","article-title":"Antibody Profiles in Mild and Severe Cases of COVID-19","volume":"66","author":"Z-L Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref066","article-title":"Cross-sectional IgM and IgG profiles in SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"T Ozturk","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0244126.ref067","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients","volume":"26","author":"NMA Okba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0244126.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.37201\/req\/052.2020","article-title":"Utility of lateral flow tests in SARS-CoV-2 infection monitorization","volume":"33","author":"FJ Candel Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Esp Quimioter"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref069","article-title":"Spectrum of innate and adaptive immune response to SARS CoV 2 infection across asymptomatic, mild and severe cases; a longitudinal cohort study","author":"R Carsetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244126.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1766382","article-title":"Delayed specific IgM antibody responses observed among COVID-19 patients with severe progression","volume":"9","author":"L Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref071","article-title":"Distinct early IgA profile may determine severity of COVID-19 symptoms: an immunological case series","author":"C Dahlke","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref072","article-title":"Deregulated cellular circuits driving immunoglobulins and complement consumption associate with the severity of COVID-19","author":"A Marcos-Jimenez","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref073","article-title":"Early viral clearance and antibody kinetics of COVID-19 among asymptomatic carriers","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref074","article-title":"Serological surveys in Reunion Island of the first hospitalized patients revealed that long-lived immunoglobulin G antibodies specific against SARS-CoV2 virus are rapidly vanishing in severe cases","author":"A Dobi","year":"2020","journal-title":"medrxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref075","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics in patients with SARS-CoV-2 antibody negative probable COVID-19 in Wuhan","author":"L Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0244126.ref076","first-page":"2000421","article-title":"Serological assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), March 2020","volume":"25","author":"RAPM Perera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref077","article-title":"Differences in antibody kinetics and functionality between severe and mild SARS-CoV-2 infections","author":"G Rijkers","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref078","article-title":"Systemic and mucosal antibody secretion specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19","author":"C Cervia","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref079","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody Responses in New York City","author":"J Reifer","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104361","article-title":"The clinical course and its correlated immune status in COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"127","author":"R He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref081","article-title":"A consensus Covid-19 immune signature combines immuno-protection with discrete sepsis-like traits associated with poor prognosis","author":"AG Laing","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref082","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"12","author":"C Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref083","article-title":"Comparative analysis of laboratory indexes of severe and non-severe patients infected with COVID-19","author":"J Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref084","article-title":"Dynamics of IgG seroconversion and pathophysiology of COVID-19 infections","author":"HM Staines","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref085","article-title":"Detection of Nucleocapsid Antibody to SARS-CoV-2 is More Sensitive than Antibody to Spike Protein in COVID-19 Patients","author":"PD Burbelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref086","first-page":"19","article-title":"Lower detection rates of SARS-COV2 antibodies in cancer patients vs healthcare workers after symptomatic COVID-19","author":"ML Solodky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref087","article-title":"Seroprevalence against COVID-19 and follow-up of suspected cases in primary health care in Spain","author":"C Brotons","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref088","article-title":"First results from the UK COVID-19 Serology in Oncology Staff Study (CSOS)","author":"DM Favara","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref089","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 exposure, symptoms and seroprevalence in health care workers","author":"A-S Rudberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0244126.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6","article-title":"Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"26","author":"QX Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref091","article-title":"Clinical predictors of donor antibody titer and correlation with recipient antibody response in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma clinical trial","author":"MLL Madariaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref092","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 virus and antibodies in front-line Health Care Workers in an acute hospital in London: preliminary results from a longitudinal study","author":"C Houlihan","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0244126.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0235417","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235417","article-title":"Prevalence of serum IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among clinic staff","volume":"15","author":"SB Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref094","article-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among health care workers in a large Spanish reference hospital","author":"AL Garcia-Basteiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref095","article-title":"IgG serology in health care and administrative staff populations from 7 hospital representative of different exposures to SARS-CoV-2 in Lombardy, Italy","author":"MT Sandri","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref096","article-title":"A comparison study of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody between male and female COVID-19 patients: A possible reason underlying different outcome between sex","author":"F Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref097","article-title":"Worse progression of COVID-19 in men: Is testosterone a key factor?","author":"VA Giagulli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref098","article-title":"The clinical and immunological features of pediatric COVID-19 patients in China","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref099","article-title":"Assessment of spread of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and concomitant serology in children in a region heavily affected by COVID-19 pandemic","author":"R Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref100","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among children visiting a hospital during the initial Seattle outbreak","author":"AS Dingens","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref101","first-page":"16","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong Province, China","volume":"16","author":"W Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0244126.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24907","article-title":"Immune-related factors associated with pneumonia in 127 children with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan","volume":"55","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref103","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Antibodies in Infants Born to Mothers with COVID-19 Pneumonia","author":"H Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA\u2014J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref104","article-title":"A systematic review on the levels of antibodies in COVID-19 virus exposed but negative newborns: a possible vertical transmission of IgG\/ IgM","author":"GM Bwire","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref105","article-title":"Evidence of a significant secretory-IgA-dominant SARS-CoV-2 immune response in human milk following recovery from COVID-19","author":"A Fox","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref106","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with a cell-free PCR assay","author":"K Danh","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0244126.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6923e4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Serologic Responses from a Sample of U.S. Navy Service Members\u2014USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020. MMWR","volume":"69","author":"DC Payne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref108","article-title":"Serologic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital staff with mild disease in eastern France","author":"S Fafi-Kremer","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref109","article-title":"Convalescent plasma therapy for the treatment of patients with COVID-19: Assessment of methods available for antibody detection and their correlation with neutralising antibody levels","author":"H Harvala","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref110","article-title":"Serological Analysis of New York City COVID19 Convalescent Plasma Donors","author":"LL Luchsinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref111","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and neutralizing activity in donor and patient blood from the San Francisco Bay Area","author":"D Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref112","article-title":"Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability","author":"PJM Brouwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref113","article-title":"The D614G mutation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enhances viral infectivity and decreases neutralization sensitivity to individual convalescent sera","author":"J Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref114","article-title":"Immunogenic profile of SARS-CoV-2 spike in individuals recovered from COVID-19","author":"JA Juno","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"6504","key":"pone.0244126.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6952","article-title":"A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"369","author":"X Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref116","article-title":"Rapid generation of neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19 patients","author":"MS Suthar","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0244126.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.202211","article-title":"Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 at 8 Weeks Postinfection in Asymptomatic Patients","volume":"26","author":"PG Choe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref118","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 growth, furin-cleavage-site adaptation and neutralization using serum from acutely infected, hospitalized COVID-19 patients","author":"WB Klimstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244126.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1772677","article-title":"Dynamic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 shedding and neutralizing antibody in children with COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"P Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes and Infections"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref120","article-title":"Cross-neutralization antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and RBD mutations from convalescent patient antibody libraries","author":"Y Lou","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref121","article-title":"Clinical immunological and virological characterization of COVID-19 patients that test re-positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR","author":"J Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"medrxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref122","article-title":"Sensitivity of commercial Anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological assays in a high-prevalence setting","author":"L Mueller","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref123","article-title":"Humoral Immune Responses in COVID-19 Patients: A Window on the State of the Art","author":"G Siracusano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref124","article-title":"High SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence among healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 patients","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"48","key":"pone.0244126.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abc8413","article-title":"The receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein is an immunodominant and highly specific target of antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 patients","volume":"115","author":"L Premkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref126","article-title":"Anti-Spike anti-Nucleocapsid and neutralizing antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized patients and asymptomatic carriers","author":"E Brochot","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2456-9","article-title":"Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals","volume":"584","author":"DF Robbiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref128","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques","author":"A Chandrashekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref129","article-title":"Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model: evidence of protection to re-challenge","author":"KA Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref130","article-title":"Lack of reinfection in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2","author":"L Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"28","key":"pone.0244126.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009799117","article-title":"Syrian hamsters as a small animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection and countermeasure development","volume":"117","author":"M Imai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0244126.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa112","article-title":"Review of Current Advances in Serologic Testing for COVID-19","volume":"154","author":"AP Espejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref133","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered patient cohort and their implications","author":"F Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref134","article-title":"Neutralizing Antibodies Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Inpatients and Convalescent Patients","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref135","article-title":"Characterization of 100 sequential SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma donations","author":"C Jungbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0244126.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001031","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.24.2001031","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralising antibodies in blood donors from the Lodi Red Zone in Lombardy, Italy, as at 06 April 2020","volume":"25","author":"E Percivalle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref137","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses are more robust in patients with severe disease","author":"P Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref138","article-title":"Expansion of SARS-CoV-2-specific Antibody-secreting Cells and Generation of Neutralizing Antibodies in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients","author":"R Varnait\u0117","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref139","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19 convalescent individuals","author":"L Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref140","article-title":"Neutralising antibodies to SARS coronavirus 2 in Scottish blood donors\u2014a pilot study of the value of serology to determine population exposure","author":"C Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref141","article-title":"Rapid isolation of potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and protection in a small animal model","author":"TF Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"issue":"6506","key":"pone.0244126.ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc7520","article-title":"Isolation of potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and protection from disease in a small animal model","volume":"369","author":"TF Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref143","article-title":"Potent Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Identified by High-Throughput Single-Cell Sequencing of Convalescent Patients\u2019 B Cells","author":"Y Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0426-7","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibodies block the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor","volume":"17","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology"},{"issue":"7819","key":"pone.0244126.ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2380-z","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"584","author":"B Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref146","article-title":"Longitudinal isolation of potent near-germline SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients","author":"C Kreer","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"6496","key":"pone.0244126.ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc2241","article-title":"A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2","volume":"368","author":"Y Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref148","article-title":"Broad sarbecovirus neutralizing antibodies define a key site of vulnerability on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","author":"AZ Wec","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"6506","key":"pone.0244126.ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0827","article-title":"Studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail","volume":"369","author":"J Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref150","article-title":"Structural basis for potent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and role of antibody affinity maturation","author":"NK Hurlburt","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref151","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 proteome microarray for mapping COVID-19 antibody interactions at amino acid resolution","author":"H Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref152","article-title":"IgA MAb blocks SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 interaction providing mucosal immunity","author":"M Ejemel","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref153","article-title":"Identification of immunodominant linear epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 patient plasma","author":"L Farrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref154","article-title":"Deep sequencing of B cell receptor repertoires from COVID-19 patients reveals strong convergent immune signatures","author":"JD Galson","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref155","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies are associated with reduced viral load","author":"A Bryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref156","article-title":"Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study","author":"KKW To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref157","article-title":"Disruption of Adaptive Immunity Enhances Disease in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Syrian Hamsters","author":"RL Brocato","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref158","article-title":"Cross-reactive Antibody Response between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Infections","author":"H Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref159","article-title":"Pre-existing and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans","author":"K Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref160","article-title":"Distinct systems serology features in children, elderly and COVID patients","author":"KJ Selva","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"52","key":"pone.0244126.ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe5511","article-title":"Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients","volume":"5","author":"B Isho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0244126.ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2026116","article-title":"Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland","volume":"383","author":"DF Gudbjartsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0244126.ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00813-8","article-title":"Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans","volume":"5","author":"J Seow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0244126.ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.004","article-title":"Orthogonal SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assays Enable Surveillance of Low-Prevalence Communities and Reveal Durable Humoral Immunity","volume":"53","author":"TJ Ripperger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref165","article-title":"Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronaviruses","author":"S Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"10249","key":"pone.0244126.ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31604-4","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1\/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"396","author":"PM Folegatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0244126.ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022483","article-title":"An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2\u2014Preliminary Report","volume":"383","author":"LA Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref168","article-title":"Concurrent human antibody and TH1 type T-cell responses elicited by a COVID-19 RNA vaccine","author":"U Sahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref169","article-title":"Serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 following non-hospitalised infection: clinical and ethnodemographic features associated with the magnitude of the antibody response","author":"AM Shields","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244126.ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00301-y","article-title":"The impact of sex and gender on immunotherapy outcomes","volume":"11","author":"SL Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2700-3","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes","volume":"588","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref172","article-title":"Distinct antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults across the COVID-19 clinical spectrum","author":"SP Weisberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref173","article-title":"Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are associated with protection against reinfection","author":"SF Lumley","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref174","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 serology: Test, test, test, but interpret with caution!","author":"WH Bermingham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref175","first-page":"CD013652","article-title":"Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"JJ Deeks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0244126.ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215732","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow assays for use in a national COVID-19 seroprevalence survey","volume":"75","author":"B Flower","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref177","article-title":"Antibody prevalence for SARS CoV-2 following the peak of the pandemic in England: REACT2 study in 100,000 adults","author":"H Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0244126.ref178","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey pilot: England and Wales, 14 August 2020. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/conditionsanddiseases\/bulletins\/coronaviruscovid19infectionsurveypilot\/englandandwales14august2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0244126.ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.012","article-title":"The Impact of Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Spike on Viral Infectivity and Antigenicity","volume":"182","author":"Q Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]],"date-time":"2022-12-10T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1670631254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244126"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nicholas J","family":"Mantis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":179,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244126","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.08.25.20178806","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}}}