{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:00:46Z","timestamp":1791140446668,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW010526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are exclusively recommended for malaria diagnosis in Uganda; however, their functionality can be affected by parasite-related factors that have not been investigated in field settings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a cross-sectional design, we analysed 219 RDT-\/microscopy+ and 140 RDT+\/microscopy+ dried blood spots obtained from symptomatic children aged 2\u201310 years from 48 districts in Uganda between 2017 and 2019. We aimed to investigate parasite-related factors contributing to false RDT results by molecular characterization of parasite isolates. ArcGIS software was used to map the geographical distribution of parasites. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square or Fisher\u2019s exact tests, with P \u2264 0.05 indicating significance. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to assess associations, while logistic regression was performed to explore possible factors associated with false RDT results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The presence of parasite DNA was confirmed in 92.5% (332\/359) of the blood samples. The levels of agreement between the HRP2 RDT and PCR assay results in the (RDT+\/microscopy+) and (RDT-\/microscopy+) sample subsets were 97.8% (137\/140) and 10.9% (24\/219), respectively. Factors associated with false-negative RDT results in the (RDT-\/microscopy+) samples were parasite density (&lt;1,000\/\u03bcl),\n                      <jats:italic>pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene deletion and non-\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      species (aOR 2.65, 95% CI: 1.62\u20134.38, P = 0.001; aOR 4.4, 95% CI 1.72\u201313.66, P = 0.004; and aOR 18.65, 95% CI: 5.3\u201338.7, P = 0.001, respectively). Overall, gene deletion and non-\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      species contributed to 12.3% (24\/195) and 19.0% (37\/195) of false-negative RDT results, respectively. Of the false-negative RDTs results, 80.0% (156\/195) were from subjects with low-density infections (&lt; 25 parasites per 200 WBCs or &lt;1,000\/\u03bcl).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This is the first evaluation and report of the contributions of\n                      <jats:italic>pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene deletion, non-\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, and low-density infections to false-negative RDT results under field conditions in Uganda. In view of these findings, the use of HRP2 RDTs should be reconsidered; possibly, switching to combination RDTs that target alternative antigens, particularly in affected areas, may be beneficial. Future evaluations should consider larger and more representative surveys covering other regions of Uganda.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T14:34:27Z","timestamp":1609425267000},"page":"e0244457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Limitations of rapid diagnostic tests in malaria surveys in areas with varied transmission intensity in Uganda 2017-2019: Implications for selection and use of HRP2 RDTs"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-5171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agaba B.","family":"Bosco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaniter I.","family":"Nankabirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adoke","family":"Yeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Nsobya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karryn","family":"Gresty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mbaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Prosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Opigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhoda","family":"Namubiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Arinaitwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Gonahasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungho","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bora","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae Seung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Karamagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7776-4437","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan K.","family":"Nakayaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses R.","family":"Kamya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0244457.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. World Malaria Report https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail\/world-malaria-report-2019. 2019."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Malaria Report file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Agaba\/AppData\/Local\/Temp\/9789240015791-engpdf. 2020."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref003","unstructured":"WHO. World Malaria Report. 2018 https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world-malaria-report-2018\/en\/. 2018."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref004","unstructured":"DHIS2 M. Routine District Health Information Management System, Uganda. 2020."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref005","unstructured":"NMCP. Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/ATR21\/ATR21.pdf. 2019."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref006","unstructured":"NMCP. Uganda National Malaria Control Reduction Strategy http:\/\/library.health.go.ug\/publications\/malaria\/uganda-malaria-reduction-strategic-plan-2014-2020-0. 2015\u20132020."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref007","unstructured":"National Malaria Control Division U. Uganda Malaria strategic Plan Midterm Review 2017."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref008","unstructured":"Uganda National Malaria Indicator Survey [Internet]. 2014."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref009","unstructured":"Uganda MoH. District Health Information Management System 2 (DHIS2) 2019."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref010","unstructured":"NMCP. Uganda Malaria Control Policy https:\/\/www.severemalaria.org\/sites\/mmv-smo\/files\/content\/attachments\/2017-02-28\/Uganda%20NATIONAL%20MALARIA%20CONTROL%20POLICY%20-%202011.pdf. 2011."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref011","unstructured":"MIS. Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey, https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/MIS21\/MIS21.pdf 2014. 2014\u20132015."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref012","unstructured":"MIS. Uganda National Malaria Indicator Survey https:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/MIS34\/MIS34.pdf. 2019."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref013","volume-title":"Guidelines for Treatment of Malaria","author":"WHO","year":"2015","edition":"3"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0244457.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix094","article-title":"Implications of Parasites Lacking Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein 2 on Malaria Morbidity and Control When Rapid Diagnostic Tests Are Used for Diagnosis","volume":"215","author":"ML Gatton","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref015","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria Policy Advisory Committee Meeting, 14\u201316 September 2016, Background document for Session 7; P. falciparum hrp2\/3, gene deletions, Conclusions and recommendations of a Technical Consultation Geneva, Switzerland, http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/mpac\/mpac-sept2016-hrp2-consultation-short-report-session7.pdf. 18 July 2016. 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69647-y","article-title":"Summary of discordant results between rapid diagnosis tests, microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction for detecting Plasmodium mixed infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"M Kotepui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.08.003","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 in the China-Myanmar border area","volume":"152","author":"P Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1768-1","article-title":"False-negative malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Rwanda: impact of Plasmodium falciparum isolates lacking hrp2 and declining malaria transmission","volume":"16","author":"CT Kozycki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0244457.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.10-0665","article-title":"False-negative rapid diagnostic tests for malaria and deletion of the histidine-rich repeat region of the hrp2 gene","volume":"86","author":"OA Koita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref020","unstructured":"WHO. False-negative RDT results and implications of new P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2\/3 gene deletions. Geneva: World Health Organization, https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/258972\/WHO-HTM-GMP-2017.18-eng.pdf. 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0244457.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2403.171723","article-title":"Major Threat to Malaria Control Programs by Plasmodium falciparum Lacking Histidine-Rich Protein 2, Eritrea","volume":"24","author":"A Berhane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2766-2","article-title":"Distribution of Plasmodium species and assessment of performance of diagnostic tools used during a malaria survey in Southern and Western Provinces of Zambia","volume":"18","author":"L Sitali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-286","article-title":"Laboratory demonstration of a prozone-like effect in HRP2-detecting malaria rapid diagnostic tests: implications for clinical management","volume":"10","author":"J Luchavez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz335","article-title":"pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 Gene Deletions That Affect Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Plasmodium falciparum: Analysis of Archived Blood Samples From 3 African Countries","author":"Rebecca Thomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"JIDN"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03362-x","article-title":"Molecular surveillance reveals the presence of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions in Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations in Uganda, 2017\u20132019","volume":"19","author":"AB Bosco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.09.004","article-title":"Identification of Plasmodium falciparum isolates lacking histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 in Eritrea","volume":"55","author":"M Menegon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infection, genetics and evolution: journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2061-z","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Mozambique","volume":"16","author":"H Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.05.016","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes deletion in Plasmodium falciparum isolates and the implications for rapid diagnostic tests in Nigeria","volume":"196","author":"R Funwei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref029","first-page":"36","article-title":"Pfhrp2-Deleted Plasmodium falciparum Parasites in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A National Cross-sectional Survey","volume":"216","author":"JB Parr","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1159-z","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2 diversity and the implications for PfHRP 2: based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ghana","volume":"15","author":"LE Amoah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2987-4","article-title":"Systematic review of the status of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletion, approaches and methods used for its estimation and reporting in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Africa: review of published studies 2010\u20132019","volume":"18","author":"BB Agaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008091","article-title":"A large proportion of P. falciparum isolates in the Amazon region of Peru lack pfhrp2 and pfhrp3: implications for malaria rapid diagnostic tests","volume":"5","author":"D Gamboa","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-283","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum parasites lacking histidine-rich protein 2 and 3: a review and recommendations for accurate reporting","volume":"13","author":"Q Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3382-8","article-title":"LLIN Evaluation in Uganda Project (LLINEUP)\u2014Impact of long-lasting insecticidal nets with, and without, piperonyl butoxide on malaria indicators in Uganda: study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"20","author":"SG Staedke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2838-3","article-title":"LLIN Evaluation in Uganda Project (LLINEUP): factors associated with childhood parasitaemia and anaemia 3 years after a national long-lasting insecticidal net distribution campaign: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"18","author":"S Rugnao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2571-3","article-title":"LLIN Evaluation in Uganda Project (LLINEUP): factors associated with ownership and use of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Uganda: a cross-sectional survey of 48 districts","volume":"17","author":"S Gonahasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref037","unstructured":"Ambrose Talisuna AMN, Clara W Mundia, Viola Otieno, Bernard Mitto, Punam Amratia & Robert W Snow, Peter Albert Okui. An epidemiological profile of malaria and its control in Uganda, https:\/\/files.givewell.org\/files\/DWDA%202009\/Interventions\/Nets\/Resistance\/NMCP_Uganda.pdf. October 2013."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref038","unstructured":"WHO. Malaria Microscopy Quality Assurance Manual https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/publications\/gmp\/malaria-microscopy-quality-assurance-manual.pdf?sfvrsn=dfe54d47_2. 2016."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0244457.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.183","article-title":"Semi-nested, multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of human malaria parasites and evidence of Plasmodium vivax infection in Equatorial Guinea","volume":"60","author":"JM Rubio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0244457.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803125002977","article-title":"Use of a rapid, single-round, multiplex PCR to detect malarial parasites and identify the species present","volume":"97","author":"D Padley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0244457.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2403.171723","article-title":"Major Threat to Malaria Control Programs by Plasmodium falciparum Lacking Histidine-Rich Protein 2, Eritrea","volume":"24","author":"A Berhane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0244457.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.5.501","article-title":"Evaluation of the accuracy of the EasyTest malaria Pf\/Pan Ag, a rapid diagnostic test, in Uganda","volume":"52","author":"CK Chong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.09.015","article-title":"Genetic deletion of HRP2 and HRP3 in Indian Plasmodium falciparum population and false negative malaria rapid diagnostic test","volume":"125","author":"N Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2502-3","article-title":"High proportions of pfhrp2 gene deletion and performance of HRP2-based rapid diagnostic test in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates of Odisha","volume":"17","author":"P Pati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0244457.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0157949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157949","article-title":"Prevalence of pfhrp2 and\/or pfhrp3 Gene Deletion in Plasmodium falciparum Population in Eight Highly Endemic States in India","volume":"11","author":"PK Bharti","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0244457.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043094","article-title":"Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria Diagnosis in the Peruvian Amazon: Impact of pfhrp2 Gene Deletions and Cross-Reactions","volume":"7","author":"J Maltha","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.25008","article-title":"Modelling the drivers of the spread of Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 gene deletions in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"6","author":"OJ Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0244457.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1346","article-title":"Low sensitivity of ParaHIT-f rapid malaria test among patients with fever in rural health centers, Northern Tanzania","volume":"5","author":"EJ Kweka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref049","unstructured":"Organization. WH. Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance: summary results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: round 1\u20137 (2008\u20132016), 2017. [cited 2017 Nov 29] http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/978924151268\/en\/. 2017."},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-34","article-title":"Analysis of pfhrp2 genetic diversity in Senegal and implications for use of rapid diagnostic tests","volume":"13","author":"AB Deme","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0244457.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1086\/432010","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and its effect on the performance of PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests","volume":"192","author":"J Baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-34","article-title":"Pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Dakar, Senegal: impact on rapid malaria diagnostic tests","volume":"12","author":"N Wurtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-129","article-title":"Global sequence variation in the histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3 of Plasmodium falciparum: implications for the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests","volume":"9","author":"J Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref054","unstructured":"WHO. METHODS MANUALFOR PRODUCT TESTINGOF MALARIA RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/rdt-method-manual-product-testing.pdf?ua=1. 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3028-z","article-title":"A review of the WHO malaria rapid diagnostic test product testing programme (2008\u20132018): performance, procurement and policy","volume":"18","author":"J Cunningham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3079-1","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic evaluation of HRP2 and pLDH-based rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in an area receiving seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Niger","volume":"18","author":"ME Coldiron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-272","article-title":"Comparative performance of aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase rapid diagnostic tests in Plasmodium vivax detection","volume":"13","author":"EE Dzakah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0244457.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1086\/526502","article-title":"Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria at Sites of Varying Transmission Intensity in Uganda","volume":"197","author":"H Hopkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0244457.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0180","article-title":"Accuracy of two malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTS) for initial diagnosis and treatment monitoring in a high transmission setting in Uganda","volume":"92","author":"P Mbabazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2287-4","article-title":"Streamlined, PCR-based testing for pfhrp2- and pfhrp3-negative Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"17","author":"JB Parr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0244457.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03639.x","article-title":"Malaria rapid diagnostic tests in elimination settings\u2014can they find the last parasite?","volume":"17","author":"ML McMorrow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0244457.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2002.11783665","article-title":"Non-microscopic method for malaria diagnosis using OptiMAL IT, a second-generation dipstick for malaria pLDH antigen detection","volume":"59","author":"AH Moody","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Biomedical Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244457.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2480-5","article-title":"Molecular identification of Plasmodium species in symptomatic children of Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"17","author":"H Kavunga-Membo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0244457.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00875-19","article-title":"Assessing Performance of HRP2 Antigen Detection for Malaria Diagnosis in Mozambique","volume":"57","author":"MM Plucinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0244457.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0201769","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201769","article-title":"Performance of a highly sensitive rapid diagnostic test (HS-RDT) for detecting malaria in peripheral and placental blood samples from pregnant women in Colombia","volume":"13","author":"AM V\u00e1squez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0244457.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0225","article-title":"Performance of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Identification of Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Uganda","volume":"97","author":"S Katrak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0244457.ref067","unstructured":"Organization WH. WHO technical consultation on research requirements to support policy recommendations on highly sensitive point-of-care diagnostics for P.falciparummalaria, Meeting Report, Geneva, Switzerland, https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/mpac\/mpac-october2018-session7-report-high-sensitive-poct.pdf 2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0244457.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit184","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Detection of Malaria Parasitemia in a Malaria-Endemic Setting: Performance of a New Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Kit in a Remote Clinic in Uganda","volume":"208","author":"H Hopkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304728","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244457","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T14:35:56Z","timestamp":1609425356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244457"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Luzia Helena","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244457","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}}}