{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:39:14Z","timestamp":1792100354588,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following the adoption of the World Health Assembly Resolution WHA 65.21 and Neglected Tropical Diseases road map 2021\u20132030, schistosomiasis control programmes have shifted from morbidity control to disease elimination. However, several gaps continue to be observed in the implementation of control programmes with certain age groups omitted from these campaigns increasing health inequalities and risks of reinfections to previously treated groups. We used the Inverse Variance Heterogeneity (IVhet) model to estimate the prevalence of schistosomiasis infection among preschool-aged children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We did a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa for the period January 1, 2000 to November 30, 2020. Quantitative data for cases of schistosomiasis infection were extracted, including country and region where the studies were done, year of publication and specific schistosome species observed. The IVhet model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence estimate (PPE), the heterogeneity and publication bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We screened 2601 articles to obtain 47 eligible studies containing quantitative data on preschool-aged children. Of the selected studies, 44.7% (n = 22) were from East Africa while the least number of studies obtained (2.1%, n = 1) was from Central Africa. 21712 subjects were screened for infection due to<jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>spp; 13924 for<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>and 7788 for<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>. The PPE for schistosomiasis among PreSAC was 19% (95% CI: 11\u201328). Infection due to<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>(IVhet PPE: 22% (95% CI: 9\u201336) was higher than that due to<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>(15%; 95% CI: 6\u201325). A Luis Furuya\u2013Kanamori index of 1.83 indicated a lack of publication bias. High level of heterogeneity was observed (I2 &gt; 90%) and this could not be reduced through subgroup analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schistosomiasis infection among pre-school aged children 6 years old and below is high. This indicates the importance of including this age group in treatment programmes to reduce infection prevalence and long-term morbidities associated with prolonged schistosome infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T18:33:39Z","timestamp":1609266819000},"page":"e0244695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A systematic review and meta-analysis quantifying schistosomiasis infection burden in pre-school aged children (PreSAC) in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8144-0248","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chester","family":"Kalinda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tafadzwa","family":"Mindu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses John","family":"Chimbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0244695.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-14","article-title":"Emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases: a review of key characteristics, risk factors, and the policy and innovation environment","volume":"27","author":"TK Mackey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0244695.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"P Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0244695.ref003","article-title":"Productivity loss related to neglected tropical diseases eligible for preventive chemotherapy: a systematic literature review","volume":"10","author":"EJ Lenk","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"key":"pone.0244695.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.11.006","article-title":"Impacts of neglected tropical disease on incidence and progression of HIV\/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria: scientific links","volume":"42","author":"G Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0244695.ref005","article-title":"Cognitive deficits and loss of education with human Schistosoma species infection\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"A Ezeamama","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0244695.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.540","article-title":"Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children","volume":"72","author":"AE Ezeamama","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"pone.0244695.ref007","unstructured":"WHO. 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