{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:04:41Z","timestamp":1768568681783,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX19_0104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX19_0104"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 51878166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 51878166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 71801182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 71801182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO. 201906090207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 201906090207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2018YFE0102700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0102700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of non-motorized vehicles in urban city has improved the convenience of short-distance travel and reduced traffic pollution. However, the overtaking behaviour of non-motorized vehicles impacts traffic safety and efficiency significantly. The objective of this study is to model the durations of overtaking behaviour in the non-motorized vehicle exclusive lane. A total of 3010 overtaking events of non-motorized vehicles were extracted from two locations in Chengdu, China. The nonparametric survival analysis was conducted to model the overtaking duration of non-motorized vehicles. The categorical variables that significantly influence the overtaking duration were examined by the Log-rank test. The results show that the overtaking durations of female riders is longer than that of male riders. It takes longer for electrical bikes to complete overtaking than conventional bikes. When the non-motorized vehicle is under the load state (i.e. passengers or goods on the non-motorized vehicle), the overtaking behaviour takes more time than the un-load state. Moreover, it takes less time to overtake the non-motorized vehicle with load than to overtake the one without load. When there is a wrong-way driving phenomenon or under higher traffic volume, the duration is longer compared to the normal traffic and lower traffic volume conditions. The findings of this study attempt to provide a more profound understanding of non-motorized vehicles overtaking behaviour under different traffic conditions and give insights to the safety research of non-motorized vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T18:29:16Z","timestamp":1611944956000},"page":"e0244883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Modeling duration of overtaking between non-motorized vehicles: A nonparametric survival analysis based approach"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7726-7764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanyun","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244883.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3141\/2038-08","article-title":"Electric Two-Wheelers in China: Effect on Travel Behavior, Mode Shift, and User Safety Perceptions in a Medium-Sized City","volume":"2038","author":"JX Weinert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0244883.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2011.03.001","article-title":"Bicycling renaissance in North America? An update and re-appraisal of cycling trends and policies","volume":"45","author":"J Pucher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Policy Pract"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref003","unstructured":"Li Z, Wang W, Shan X, Jin P, Lu J, Yang C. Analysis of bicycle passing events for LOS evaluation on physically separated bicycle roadways in China. TRB 2010 Annual Meeting; Washington D.C.2010. p. 1\u201316."},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.11.011","article-title":"Could Intelligent Speed Adaptation make overtaking unsafe?","volume":"48","author":"S Jamson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0244883.ref005","first-page":"252","article-title":"Overtaking behaviour of vehicles on undivided roads in non-lane based mixed traffic conditions","volume":"4","author":"G Asaithambi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Traffic Transp Eng"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.05.385","article-title":"Prevention of Overtaking Accidents on Two-lane Rural Roads","volume":"14","author":"T Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp Res Proc"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2020.102072","article-title":"Modeling and simulation of overtaking events by heterogeneous non-motorized vehicles on shared roadway segments","volume":"103","author":"Q Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Simul Model Pract Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244883.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3141\/1776-28","article-title":"Characteristics of Passing and Meeting Maneuvers on Exclusive Bicycle Paths","volume":"1776","author":"SI Khan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0244883.ref009","first-page":"167","article-title":"Vision-based multivariate statistical modeling for powered two-wheelers maneuverability during overtaking in urban arterials","volume":"8","author":"EN Barmpounakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp Lett"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Examining two-wheelers\u2019 overtaking behavior and lateral distance choices at a shared roadway facility","author":"Y Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transp Saf Secur"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244883.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3141\/2387-04","article-title":"Modeling of Passing Events in Mixed Bicycle Traffic with Cellular Automata","volume":"2387","author":"D Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2013.07.003","article-title":"Modeling duration of overtaking in two lane highways","volume":"20","author":"EI Vlahogianni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105522","article-title":"A hazard-based model of the motorcyclists\u2019 overtaking duration","volume":"141","author":"F Bella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref014","volume-title":"Survival Analysis: A Self-Learning Text","author":"G David","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref015","volume-title":"Statistical and Econometric Methods for Transportation Data Analysis","author":"SP Washington","year":"2010","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0244883.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3141\/2178-06","article-title":"Modeling Accident Duration and Its Mitigation Strategies on South Korean Freeway Systems","volume":"2178","author":"Y Chung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.12.037","article-title":"Hazard based models for freeway traffic incident duration","volume":"52","author":"A Tavassoli Hojati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.07.010","article-title":"Comparative analysis of driver\u2019s brake perception-reaction time at signalized intersections with and without countdown timer using parametric duration models","volume":"95","author":"C Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.10.014","article-title":"A hazard-based duration model for analyzing crossing behavior of cyclists and electric bike riders at signalized intersections","volume":"74","author":"X Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.09.010","article-title":"A parametric duration model of the reaction times of drivers distracted by mobile phone conversations","volume":"62","author":"MM Haque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2016.03.004","article-title":"Investigating the risk factors associated with pedestrian injury severity in Illinois","volume":"57","author":"M Pour-Rouholamin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0244883.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0229653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229653","article-title":"Investigating influence factors of traffic violations at signalized intersections using data gathered from traffic enforcement camera","volume":"15","author":"C Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"282","key":"pone.0244883.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501452","article-title":"Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations","volume":"53","author":"EL Kaplan","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Amer Statistical Assoc"},{"issue":"7447","key":"pone.0244883.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7447.1073","article-title":"The logrank test","volume":"328","author":"JM Bland","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref025","unstructured":"Waylen AE, Mckenna FP. Is passenger presence associated with more or less risk taking? The 10th Seminar on Behavioural Research in Road Safety; London2001. p. 137\u2013143."},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref026","unstructured":"Walker I, Jones C. The Oxford and Cambridge Cycling Survey: A large-scale study of bicycle users in two major UK cycling cities. Oxford, UK: Oxford-shire County Council; 2005."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0244883.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.08.010","article-title":"Drivers overtaking bicyclists: Objective data on the effects of riding position, helmet use, vehicle type and apparent gender","volume":"39","author":"I Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0244883.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2007.02.005","article-title":"Use characteristics and mode choice behavior of electric bike users in China","volume":"14","author":"C Cherry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transp Policy"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref029","unstructured":"Cherry C. Implications of electric bicycle use in China: analysis of costs and benefits. Berkeley, CA: UC Berkeley Center for Future Urban Transport-Volvo Summer Workshop; 2006."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0244883.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2016.07.001","article-title":"E-bike safety: Individual-level factors and incident characteristics","volume":"3","author":"S Haustein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Transp Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0244883.ref031","first-page":"280","article-title":"Traffic control devices for deterring wrong-way driving: Historical evolution and current practice","volume":"4","author":"F Baratian-Ghorghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Traffic Transp Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0244883.ref032","first-page":"268","article-title":"Cellular automata model of non-motor vehicle flow considering reverse vehicles","volume":"28","author":"X Kuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Syst Simul"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.09.025","article-title":"Investigating factors affecting riders\u2019 behaviors of occupying motorized vehicle lanes on urban streets","volume":"122","author":"W Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amar.2020.100135","article-title":"Multivariate Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling of the Non-Stationary Traffic Conflict Extremes for Crash Estimation","author":"C Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analytic Methods in Accident Research"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.02.009","article-title":"A comparison between simulated and field-measured conflicts for safety assessment of signalized intersections in Australia","volume":"101","author":"Y Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2020.102172","article-title":"An extreme value theory based approach for calibration of microsimulation models for safety analysis","volume":"106","author":"Y Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Simul Model Pract Theory"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105772","article-title":"A hierarchical bayesian peak over threshold approach for conflict-based before-after safety evaluation of leading pedestrian intervals","volume":"147","author":"Y Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0244883.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105660","article-title":"Real-time conflict-based Bayesian Tobit models for safety evaluation of signalized intersections","volume":"144","author":"Y Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244883","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T18:29:34Z","timestamp":1611944974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244883"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]}}}