{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:40:25Z","timestamp":1792802425914,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia","award":["47\/40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["47\/40"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zsyt821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Colonization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae as animal gut microbiota is a substantial global threat. This study aimed to determine the molecular characterization of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    variants in animals, as well as to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance conferred by these genes. We prospectively analyzed 1273 fecal specimens of farm and domestic animals for the isolation of enterobacteria that had the ESBL phenotype by using biochemical methods. The extracted genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced for the characterization of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    variants. The drug-resistance spectrum and hierarchical clusters were analyzed against 19 antibacterial agents. Out of 245 (19.2%) ESBL enterobacteria, 180 (75.5%)\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 34 (13.9%)\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    were prevalent species. A total of 73.9%\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    , 26.1%\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and 14.2%\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                    were found among the enterobacteria; however, their association with farm or domestic animals was not statistically significant. The distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene variants showed the highest number of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    (133; 54.3%), followed by\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n                    (28; 11.4%),\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM-52<\/jats:sub>\n                    (40; 16.3%), and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV-12<\/jats:sub>\n                    (22; 9%). In addition, 84.5% of the enterobacteria had the integrons\n                    <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We observed \u00b1100% enterobacteria resistant to cephalosporin, 7 (2.9%) to colistin (minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoint \u22654 \u03bcg\/mL), 9 (3.7%) to piperacillin-tazobactam, 11 (4.5%) to imipenem, 14 (5.7%) to meropenem, and 18 (7.3%) to cefoperazone-sulbactam, without statistically significant association. Animal gut microbiota contain a considerable number of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and integrons, which are a potential source of acquired extensive drug resistance in human strains and leaves fewer therapeutic substitutes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T19:07:46Z","timestamp":1610046466000},"page":"e0245126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Molecular analysis of blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaCTX-M in extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae recovered from fecal specimens of animals"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6185-2042","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hasan","family":"Ejaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Younas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid O. A.","family":"Abosalif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashaf","family":"Junaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badr","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alsrhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abualgasim Elgaili","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ikram","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2636-238X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Usman","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1239-4898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sanaa S. M.","family":"Hamam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0245126.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.213407","article-title":"Trends in antimicrobial resistance against enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from blood: A 10-year epidemiological study in mainland China (2004\u20132014)","volume":"130","author":"X-J Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245126.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2014.08.002","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta-lactamases: Types, epidemiology and treatment","volume":"22","author":"S Shaikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol 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