{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:42:03Z","timestamp":1762324923378,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aim Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Mellow Babies (MB) in the UK. MB is a 14-week early parenting intervention program that is delivered in groups and is targeted at \u2018at-risk\u2019 parents (both mothers and fathers) and their babies up to 18 months old.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study used a pragmatic pre-post intervention design. Outcomes were parental mental health, parenting confidence, quality of life, socio-emotional development of children, and perceived parent-child relationship. Fifteen groups representing <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 91 parent-baby dyads were recruited across the UK between 2017\u20132018. The sample consisted of 10 Mellow Mums groups (70 mother-baby dyads) and 5 Mellow Dads groups (21 father-baby dyads). Intention-to-treat and \u2018completer\u2019 analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Findings suggest short-term positive outcomes for parents attending MB. Completion of the program was associated with significant improvements in anxiety and overall wellbeing, parenting confidence, and perceived closeness of the parent-child relationship. The significance of these improvements, except for parenting confidence, was maintained in the intention-to-treat analysis. MB engaged and retained a high proportion of parents who could be considered \u2018at-risk\u2019 and benefitted fathers and mothers attending the intervention equally.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is the first prospective study to explore MB participation for both mothers and fathers and to indicate engagement and potential benefits specifically for \u2018at-risk\u2019 parents. Findings further demonstrate the effectiveness of MB as an early intervention program for parents experiencing psychosocial difficulties. Replication by studies using a contrast or control group also incorporating follow-up data would further improve the evidence base for MB.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T18:35:18Z","timestamp":1612377318000},"page":"e0245226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Promoting sensitive parenting in \u2018at-risk\u2019 mothers and fathers: A UK outcome study of Mellow Babies, a group-based early intervention program for parents and their babies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8056-9907","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aigli","family":"Raouna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruaridh","family":"Malcolm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquib","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0618-044X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Angus","family":"MacBeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0245226.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315452890","volume-title":"Transforming infant wellbeing: Research, policy and practice for the first 1001 critical days.","author":"P Leach","year":"2017"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0245226.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1246-z","article-title":"What shapes 7-year-olds\u2019 subjective well-being? 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