{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T01:38:39Z","timestamp":1781487519233,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Illusory self-motion often provokes motion sickness, which is commonly explained in terms of an inter-sensory conflict that is not in accordance with previous experience. Here we address the influence of cognition in motion sickness and show that such a conflict is<jats:italic>not<\/jats:italic>provocative when the observer believes that the motion illusion is indeed actually occurring. Illusory self-motion and motion sickness were elicited in healthy human participants who were seated on a stationary rotary chair inside a rotating optokinetic drum. Participants knew that both chair and drum could rotate but were unaware of the actual motion stimulus. Results showed that motion sickness was correlated with the discrepancy between participants\u2019<jats:italic>perceived<\/jats:italic>self-motion and participants\u2019<jats:italic>beliefs<\/jats:italic>about the actual motion. Together with the general motion sickness susceptibility, this discrepancy accounted for 51% of the variance in motion sickness intensity. This finding sheds a new light on the causes of visually induced motion sickness and suggests that it is not governed by an inter-sensory conflict per se, but by beliefs concerning the actual self-motion. This cognitive influence provides a promising tool for the development of new countermeasures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T18:29:31Z","timestamp":1611080971000},"page":"e0245295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Beyond sensory conflict: The role of beliefs and perception in motion sickness"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1253-358X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suzanne A. E.","family":"Nooij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Bockisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich H.","family":"B\u00fclthoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Straumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"44","key":"pone.0245295.ref001","article-title":"Spatial cognition, body representation and affective processes: the role of vestibular information beyond ocular reflexes and control of posture","volume":"8","author":"FW Mast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.01.021","article-title":"How imagery changes self-motion perception","volume":"291","author":"Y Nigmatullina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245295.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(00)00048-2","article-title":"Evidence of imagined passive self-motion through imagery-perception interaction","volume":"105","author":"S Mertz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1068\/p3092","article-title":"Cognitive suppression of tilt sensations during linear horizontal selfmotion in the dark","volume":"30","author":"AH Wertheim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8471-6","article-title":"Vestibular cognition: the effect of prior belief on vestibular perceptual decision making","volume":"264","author":"AW Ellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riecke BE, Feuereissen D, Rieser JJ. Auditory self-motion illusions (\"circular vection\") can be facilitated by vibrations and the potential for actual motion. Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization; Los Angeles, California. 1394309: ACM; 2008. p. 147\u201354.","DOI":"10.1145\/1394281.1394309"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0245295.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2006-161-202","article-title":"Perceived self-motion in two visual contexts: Dissociable mechanisms underlie perception","volume":"16","author":"WG Wright","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vestib Res-Equilib Orientat"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0245295.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1068\/p240435","article-title":"Cognitive effects on visually induced body motion in children","volume":"24","author":"JC Lepecq","year":"1995","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref009","volume-title":"Motion sickness","author":"JT Reason","year":"1975"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.09.009","article-title":"Self-driving carsickness","volume":"53","author":"C Diels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00014","article-title":"Moving in a Moving World: A Review on Vestibular Motion Sickness","volume":"7","author":"G Bertolini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0245295.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4008-8","article-title":"Motion sickness: more than nausea and vomiting","volume":"232","author":"JR Lackner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref013","first-page":"86","article-title":"The psychology of sea sickness","volume":"11","author":"C Claremont","year":"1931","journal-title":"Psyche (Stuttg)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0245295.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1037\/h0058423","article-title":"The differential effects of a rotatry visual field on susseptibles and non-susceptibles to motion sickness","volume":"46","author":"GH Crampton","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245295.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90843-2","article-title":"Spectral Analysis of Tachygastria Recorded During Motion Sickness","volume":"92","author":"RM Stern","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref016","first-page":"411","article-title":"Motion sickness and gastric myoelectric activity as a function of speed of rotation of a circular vection drum","volume":"60","author":"S Hu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref017","first-page":"819","article-title":"Motion sickness adaptation: a neural mismatch model","volume":"71","author":"JT Reason","year":"1978","journal-title":"J RSocMed"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0245295.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0175305","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175305","article-title":"Vection is the main contributor to motion sickness induced by visual yaw rotation: Implications for conflict and eye movement theories","volume":"12","author":"SAE Nooij","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0245295.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487309121519","article-title":"Optokinetic motion sickness and pseudo-Coriolis effects induced by moving visual stimuli","volume":"76","author":"J Dichgans","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0700-7","article-title":"Motion sickness, body movement, and claustrophobia during passive restraint","volume":"177","author":"E Faugloire","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.01.012","article-title":"Predicting individual differences in motion sickness susceptibility by questionnaire","volume":"41","author":"JF Golding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(98)00091-4","article-title":"Motion sickness suceptibility questionnaire revised and its relationship to other forms of sickness","volume":"47","author":"JF Golding","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref023","article-title":"More vection means more velocity storage activity: a factor in visually induced motion sickness?","author":"SAE Nooij","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0245295.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811403736","article-title":"Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness","volume":"53","author":"B Keshavarz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness","volume":"3","author":"RS Kennedy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0245295.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720809349708","article-title":"Isolating the effects of vection and optokinetic nystagmus on optokinetic rotation-induced motion sickness","volume":"51","author":"JT Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0245295.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90031-D","article-title":"An algorithm separating saccadic from nonsaccadic eye movements automatically by use of the acceleration signal","volume":"32","author":"F Behrens","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471725153","volume-title":"Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity","author":"DA Belsley","year":"1980"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref029","volume-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"2003","edition":"3"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref030","volume-title":"A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Team RDC","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0245295.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1104-y","article-title":"Circular vection during voluntary suppression of optokinetic reflex","volume":"144","author":"W Becker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1139\/y90-044","article-title":"Motion Sickness: a synthesis and evaluation of the sensory conflict theory","volume":"68","author":"CM Oman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"pone.0245295.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-00002503","article-title":"Internal Models, Vestibular Cognition, and Mental Imagery: Conceptual Considerations","volume":"28","author":"FW Mast","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multisensory Research"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00138","article-title":"Toward a Dynamic Probabilistic Model for Vestibular Cognition","volume":"8","author":"AW Ellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00286","article-title":"Cognitive Rehabilitation in Bilateral Vestibular Patients: A Computational Perspective","volume":"9","author":"AW Ellis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0245295.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-006-0133-1","article-title":"Bayesian processing of vestibular information","volume":"96","author":"J Laurens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00883.2011","article-title":"A distributed, dynamic, parallel computational model: the role of noise in velocity storage","volume":"108","author":"F Karmali","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0245295.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5365","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6472-10.2011","article-title":"Multisensory processing in spatial orientation: an inverse probabilistic approach","volume":"31","author":"IA Clemens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0245295.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90677.2008","article-title":"Computational approaches to spatial orientation: from transfer functions to dynamic Bayesian inference","volume":"100","author":"PR MacNeilage","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.09.002","article-title":"A theory on visually induced motion sickness","volume":"29","author":"JE Bos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139108964831","article-title":"Why is the driver rarely motion sick? The role of controllability in motion sickness","volume":"34","author":"A Rolnick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0245295.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2010.11.002","article-title":"A visual display enhancing comfort by counteracting airsickness","volume":"32","author":"PJ Feenstra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref043","first-page":"739","article-title":"Visual field effects on motion sickness in cars","volume":"75","author":"MJ Griffin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aviation, space, and environmental medicine"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2013.05.004","article-title":"Occupant comfort in wind-excited tall buildings: Motion sickness, compensatory behaviours and complaint","volume":"119","author":"S Lamb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"pone.0245295.ref045","first-page":"29","article-title":"Coriolis cross-coupling effects: disorienting and nauseogenic or not?","volume":"49","author":"FE Guedry","year":"1978","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0245295","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T06:44:42Z","timestamp":1670827482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0245295"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Manabu","family":"Sakakibara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0245295","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]}}}