{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:58:50Z","timestamp":1789999130421,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT092830\/Z\/10\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT092830\/Z\/10\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01MH110925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01MH110925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 MH 017119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 MH 017119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether emotional and physical intimate partner violence (IPV) and financial adversity increase risk of incident homelessness in pregnancy and the post-partum period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were drawn from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, which starting in 1990 mailed questionnaires to 14,735 mothers in the UK, over 7 years from pregnancy onwards. Marginal structural models and multiple imputation were used to address time-varying confounding of the primary variables, testing for interaction between concurrent emotional\/physical IPV and financial adversity, and adjusted for baseline age, ethnicity, education, partner\u2019s alcohol use, parity, depression, and social class.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emotional IPV (HR 1.44 (1.13,1.84)), physical IPV (HR 2.05 (1.21,3.49)), and financial adversity (HR 1.59 (1.44,1.77)) each predicted a multiplicative increase in the discrete-time hazard of incident homelessness. We identified joint effects for concurrent emotional IPV and financial adversity (HR 2.09 (1.35,3.22)) and concurrent physical IPV and financial adversity (HR 2.79 (1.21,6.44)). We further identified a temporary decline in self-reported physical IPV among mothers during pregnancy and up to 8 months post-partum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emotional and physical IPV and financial adversity independently and jointly increase the risk of incident homelessness. The effects of emotional and physical IPV are comparable to or greater than the risk of financial adversity. Homelessness prevention policies should consider IPV victims as high-risk, regardless of financial status. Furthermore, self-reported physical IPV declines temporarily during pregnancy and up to 8 months post-partum. Screening for IPV in this period may miss high-risk individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T13:23:51Z","timestamp":1610717031000},"page":"e0245507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Associations of intimate partner violence and financial adversity with familial homelessness in pregnant and postpartum women: A 7-year prospective study of the ALSPAC cohort"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8979-3112","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caitlin S.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron L.","family":"Sarvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karestan","family":"Koenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Keyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0245507.ref001","first-page":"126","article-title":"The public\/private distinction in international human rights law","author":"D Sullivan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Women\u2019s rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives"},{"issue":"9543","key":"pone.0245507.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69523-8","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence","volume":"368","author":"C Garcia-Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0245507.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00038-3","article-title":"A global overview of gender\u2010based violence","volume":"78","author":"L Heise","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"key":"pone.0245507.ref004","author":"PG Tjaden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence"},{"issue":"9314","key":"pone.0245507.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8","article-title":"Health consequences of intimate partner violence","volume":"359","author":"JC Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"The lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0245507.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1098","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of gender-based violence in women and the relationship with mental disorders and psychosocial function","volume":"306","author":"S Rees","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0245507.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21676","article-title":"PTSD symptoms as risk factors for intimate partner violence revictimization and the mediating role of victims\u2019 violent behavior","volume":"25","author":"KF Kuijpers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of traumatic stress"},{"issue":"28","key":"pone.0245507.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6628a1","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in homicides of adult women and the role of intimate partner violence\u2014United States, 2003\u20132014","volume":"66","author":"E Petrosky","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report"},{"key":"pone.0245507.ref009","article-title":"Secondary data analysis on the etiology, course, and consequences of intimate partner violence against extremely poor women","author":"A Salomon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Violence Against Women and Family Violence: Developments in Research, Practice, and Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0245507.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079443","article-title":"Social and economic hardships of homeless and other poor women","volume":"63","author":"EL Bassuk","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0245507.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.7.783","article-title":"Why does family homelessness occur? 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