{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T12:07:15Z","timestamp":1768478835755,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"The Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["WT102350\/Z\/13\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT102350\/Z\/13\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>While malaria transmission in Africa still happens primarily inside houses, there is a substantial proportion of <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes that bite or rest outdoors. This situation may compromise the performance of indoor insecticidal interventions such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). This study investigated the distribution of malaria mosquitoes biting or resting outside dwellings in three low-altitude villages in south-eastern Tanzania. The likelihood of malaria infections outdoors was also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nightly trapping was done outdoors for 12 months to collect resting mosquitoes (using resting bucket traps) and host-seeking mosquitoes (using odour-baited Suna\u00ae traps). The mosquitoes were sorted by species and physiological states. Pooled samples of <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> were tested to estimate proportions infected with <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasites, estimate proportions carrying human blood as opposed to other vertebrate blood and identify sibling species in the <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> complex and <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic> group. Environmental and anthropogenic factors were observed and recorded within 100 meters from each trapping positions. Generalised additive models were used to investigate relationships between these variables and vector densities, produce predictive maps of expected abundance and compare outcomes within and between villages.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A high degree of fine-scale heterogeneity in <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> densities was observed between and within villages. Water bodies covered with vegetation were associated with 22% higher densities of <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic> and 51% lower densities of <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic>. Increasing densities of houses and people outdoors were both associated with reduced densities of <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic>. Vector densities were highest around the end of the rainy season and beginning of the dry seasons. More than half (14) 58.3% of blood-fed <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic> had bovine blood, (6) 25% had human blood. None of the <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes caught outdoors was found infected with malaria parasites.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Outdoor densities of both host-seeking and resting <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes had significant heterogeneities between and within villages, and were influenced by multiple environmental and anthropogenic factors. Despite the high <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> densities outside dwellings, the substantial proportion of non-human blood-meals and absence of malaria-infected mosquitoes after 12 months of nightly trapping suggests very low-levels of outdoor malaria transmission in these villages.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T19:32:27Z","timestamp":1611862347000},"page":"e0245750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fine-scale distribution of malaria mosquitoes biting or resting outside human dwellings in three low-altitude Tanzanian villages"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5290-0970","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arnold S.","family":"Mmbando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel W.","family":"Kaindoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halfan S.","family":"Ngowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnson K.","family":"Swai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy S.","family":"Matowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Kilalangongono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godfrey P.","family":"Lingamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Mgando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac H.","family":"Namango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredros O.","family":"Okumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6091-4072","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luca","family":"Nelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0245750.ref001","first-page":"526","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and","volume":"2016","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03250-4","article-title":"Sub-national stratification of malaria risk in mainland Tanzania: a simplified assembly of survey and routine data","volume":"19","author":"SG Thawer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12617.1","article-title":"Fine-scale spatial and temporal heterogeneities in insecticide resistance profiles of the malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis in rural south-eastern Tanzania","volume":"2","author":"NS Matowo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome open research"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref004","article-title":"KEMRI-Wellcome Trust (Kenya): An epidemiology profile of malaria and its control in mainland Tanzania","author":"National Malaria Control Programme (Tanzania) WT","year":"2013","journal-title":"Report"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-331","article-title":"Increasing role of Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in malaria transmission in the Kilombero ValleyTanzania","volume":"13","author":"DW Lwetoijera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1268-8","article-title":"Correlations between household occupancy and malaria vector biting risk in rural Tanzanian villages: implications for high-resolution spatial targeting of control interventions","volume":"15","author":"EW Kaindoa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00092.x","article-title":"Anopheles rivulorum, a vector of human malaria in Africa","volume":"10","author":"T Wilkes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Medical and veterinary entomology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0245750.ref008","first-page":"371","article-title":"Blood-meal analysis for anopheline mosquitoes sampled along the Kenyan coast","volume":"19","author":"JM Mwangangi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2855-2","article-title":"Human behaviour and residual malaria transmission in Zanzibar: findings from in-depth interviews and direct observation of community events","volume":"18","author":"A Monroe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000406","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000406","article-title":"A research agenda to underpin malaria eradication","volume":"8","author":"PL Alonso","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000401","article-title":"A research Agenda for Malaria Eradication: Vector Control","volume":"8","author":"The malERA Consultative Group on Vector Control","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1399","key":"pone.0245750.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0369","article-title":"Mapping the range and relative abundance of the two principal African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensisusing climate data","volume":"265","author":"S Lindsay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0245750.ref013","first-page":"117","article-title":"Sampling techniques for adult Afrotropical malaria vectors and their reliability in the estimation of entomological inoculation rate","volume":"7","author":"L Mboera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research"},{"issue":"6872","key":"pone.0245750.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/415710a","article-title":"Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria","volume":"415","author":"DJ Rogers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0245750.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.656","article-title":"Remote sensing of malaria in urban areas: two scales, two problems","volume":"72","author":"MC de Castro","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0245750.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280219856380","article-title":"Achieving explanatory depth and spatial breadth in infectious disease modelling: integrating active and passive case surveillance","volume":"29","author":"L Nelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref017","author":"DL Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Risk of a Mosquito-Borne Infection in a Heterogeneous Environment: Supplementary Material"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-17","article-title":"The relationship between the Plasmodium falciparum parasite ratio in childhood and climate estimates of malaria transmission in Kenya","volume":"3","author":"JA Omumbo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-020-00209-1","article-title":"Distance sampling for epidemiology: an interactive tool for estimating under-reporting of cases from clinic data","volume":"19","author":"L Nelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"International journal of health geographics"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0245750.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2356","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002356","article-title":"Inter-epidemic transmission of Rift Valley fever in livestock in the Kilombero River Valley, Tanzania: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"7","author":"RD Sumaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0245750.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0156388","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156388","article-title":"Crowdsourcing vector surveillance: using community knowledge and experiences to predict densities and distribution of outdoor-biting mosquitoes in rural Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"SP Mwangungulu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12928.1","article-title":"Variations in household microclimate affect outdoor-biting behaviour of malaria vectors","volume":"2","author":"HS Ngowo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref023","unstructured":"Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) ZACZ, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of Chief Government Statistician (OCGS) and ICF International Calverton, Maryland USA Tanzania HIV\/AIDS and Malaria indicator survey 2011\u20132012. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania March, 2013."},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177807","article-title":"Interventions that effectively target Anopheles funestus mosquitoes could significantly improve control of persistent malaria transmission in south-eastern Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"EW Kaindoa","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-257","article-title":"Development and optimization of the Suna trap as a tool for mosquito monitoring and control","volume":"13","author":"A Hiscox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2680-7","article-title":"Assessment of the Suna trap for sampling mosquitoes indoors and outdoors","volume":"18","author":"MM Mburu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8951","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008951","article-title":"Development and field evaluation of a synthetic mosquito lure that Is more attractive than humans","volume":"5","author":"FO Okumu","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-160","article-title":"Molasses as a source of carbon dioxide for attracting the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus","volume":"13","author":"CK Mweresa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1013-8","article-title":"Effects of a new outdoor mosquito control device, the mosquito landing box, on densities and survival of the malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensisinside controlled semi-field settings","volume":"14","author":"AS Mmbando","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-292","article-title":"Sugar-fermenting yeast as an organic source of carbon dioxide to attract the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae","volume":"9","author":"RC Smallegange","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1066-0","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the Sticky-Resting-Box-Trap, the standardised resting-bucket-trap and indoor aspiration for sampling malaria vectors","volume":"8","author":"KS Kreppel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0245750.ref032","first-page":"343","volume":"67","author":"M Service","year":"1977","journal-title":"Critical-riview of procedures for sampling populations of adult mosquitos Bulletin of Entomological Research"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.804","article-title":"A cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group","volume":"66","author":"LL Koekemoer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0245750.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.49.520","article-title":"Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"49","author":"JA Scott","year":"1993","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref035","volume-title":": Field evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite detection in anopheline mosquitoes from Kenya","author":"JC Beier","year":"1987"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/25.1.9","article-title":"Bloodmeal identification by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), tested on Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kenya","volume":"25","author":"JC Beier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref037","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"RC Team","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420010404","volume-title":"Generalized additive models: an introduction with R","author":"S Wood","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x","article-title":"A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems","volume":"1","author":"AF Zuur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods in ecology and evolution"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref040","volume-title":"Applied geostatistics","author":"EH Isaaks","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref041","first-page":"5","article-title":"Consequences of rural development on vectors and their control","volume":"70","author":"M Coosemans","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annalen van de Beldische vereniging voor tropische geneeskunde"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref042","first-page":"52","article-title":"Factors influencing differential larval habitat productivity of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a western Kenyan village","volume":"48","author":"AO Mala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of vector borne diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0245750.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.2.282","article-title":"Characteristics of larval anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) habitats in Western Kenya","volume":"38","author":"JE Gimnig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref044","article-title":"Aquatic habitats of the malaria vector, Anopheles funestus in rural south-eastern Tanzania","author":"Mapua AS Nambunga IHNH","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref045","article-title":"Patterns of pesticides usage in agriculture in rural Tanzania call for intergrating agriculature and public health practices in managing insecticide-resistance in malaria vectors","volume":"2020","author":"NS Matowo","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref046","author":"P Pinda","year":"2020","journal-title":"The dominant malaria vector, Anopheles funestus from rural south-eastern Tanzaniais more strongly resistant to insecticides than Anopheles arabiensis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2450-y","article-title":"Housing gaps, mosquitoes and public viewpoints: a mixed methods assessment of relationships between house characteristics, malaria vector biting risk and community perspectives in rural Tanzania","volume":"17","author":"EW Kaindoa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0245750.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2000.00228.x","article-title":"Anopheles arabiensis and An. funestus are equally important vectors of malaria in Matola coastal suburb of Maputo, southern Mozambique","volume":"14","author":"C Mendis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Medical and veterinary entomology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0245750.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2006)22[229:NTFSOA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"New tools for surveillance of adult yellow fever mosquitoes: comparison of trap catches with human landing rates in an urban environment","volume":"22","author":"U Kr\u00f6ckel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"},{"key":"pone.0245750.ref050","first-page":"473","article-title":"Secondary malaria vectors of sub-Saharan Africa: threat to malaria elimination on the continent","author":"YA Afrane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current topics in malaria"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0245750.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0082","article-title":"Unexpected anthropophily in the potential secondary malaria vectors Anopheles coustani sl and Anopheles squamosus in Macha, Zambia","volume":"11","author":"CM Fornadel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0245750.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0098","article-title":"Effects of temperature and rainfall on the activity and dynamics of host-seeking Aedes albopictus females in northern Italy","volume":"10","author":"D Roiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3676-4","article-title":"Fine-scale spatial and temporal variations in insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in rural south-eastern Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"NS Matowo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-187","article-title":"Impact of promoting longer-lasting insecticide treatment of bed nets upon malaria transmission in a rural Tanzanian setting with pre-existing high coverage of untreated nets","volume":"9","author":"TL Russell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0245750.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177807","article-title":"Interventions that effectively target Anopheles funestus mosquitoes could significantly improve control of persistent malaria transmission in south\u2013eastern Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"EW Kaindoa","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0245750.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24968","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024968","article-title":"The effects of age, exposure history and malaria infection on the susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes to low concentrations of pyrethroid","volume":"6","author":"KD Glunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0245750.ref057","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cordon sanitaire or laissez faire: differential dispersal of young and old females of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Mozambique","volume":"6","author":"J Charlwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"African Entomology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0245750","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T19:33:11Z","timestamp":1611862391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0245750"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Luzia Helena","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0245750","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]}}}