{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:06:25Z","timestamp":1787843185288,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPP 1117467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP 1117467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal and state funds appropriated to the OARDC"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006928","name":"The Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH office of the Dietary Supplements"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01 A1099451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 A1099451"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of diarrhea in children. It causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where HRV vaccine efficacy is low. The probiotic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    Nissle (EcN) 1917 has been widely used in the treatment of enteric diseases in humans. However, repeated doses of EcN are required to achieve maximum beneficial effects. Administration of EcN on a microsphere biofilm could increase probiotic stability and persistence, thus maximizing health benefits without repeated administrations. Our aim was to investigate immune enhancement by the probiotic EcN adhered to a dextranomar microsphere biofilm (EcN biofilm) in a neonatal, malnourished piglet model transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM) and infected with rotavirus. To create malnourishment, pigs were fed a reduced amount of bovine milk. Decreased HRV fecal shedding and protection from diarrhea were evident in the EcN biofilm treated piglets compared with EcN suspension and control groups. Moreover, EcN biofilm treatment enhanced natural killer cell activity in blood mononuclear cells (MNCs). Increased frequencies of activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in systemic and intestinal tissues and activated conventional dendritic cells (cDC) in blood and duodenum were also observed in EcN biofilm as compared with EcN suspension treated pigs. Furthermore, EcN biofilm treated pigs had increased frequencies of systemic activated and resting\/memory antibody forming B cells and IgA\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    B cells in the systemic tissues. Similarly, the mean numbers of systemic and intestinal HRV-specific IgA antibody secreting cells (ASCs), as well as HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in serum and small intestinal contents, were increased in the EcN biofilm treated group. In summary EcN biofilm enhanced innate and B cell immune responses after HRV infection and ameliorated diarrhea following HRV challenge in a malnourished, HIFM pig model.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T14:23:14Z","timestamp":1613485394000},"page":"e0246193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 administered as a dextranomar microsphere biofilm enhances immune responses against human rotavirus in a neonatal malnourished pig model colonized with human infant fecal microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Husheem","family":"Michael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine C.","family":"Paim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie N.","family":"Langel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet","family":"Chepngeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gireesh","family":"Rajashekara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda J.","family":"Saif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1447-6283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anastasia Nickolaevna","family":"Vlasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0246193.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70253-5","article-title":"2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"JE Tate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0183392","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183392","article-title":"Estimating global, regional and national rotavirus deaths in children aged <5 years: Current approaches, new analyses and proposed improvements","volume":"12","author":"A Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60896-3","article-title":"Rotavirus: realising the potential of a promising vaccine","volume":"376","author":"EA Nelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref004","unstructured":"UNICEF W (2017) World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Levels and trends in child malnutrition."},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00046-17","article-title":"Protein Malnutrition Modifies Innate Immunity and Gene Expression by Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Human Rotavirus Infection in Neonatal Gnotobiotic Pigs","volume":"2","author":"AN Vlasova","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00172-17","article-title":"Protein Malnutrition Alters Tryptophan and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Homeostasis and Adaptive Immune Responses in Human Rotavirus-Infected Gnotobiotic Pigs with Human Infant Fecal Microbiota Transplant","volume":"24","author":"DD Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00705-16","article-title":"Protein Malnutrition Impairs Intestinal Epithelial Cell Turnover, a Potential Mechanism of Increased Cryptosporidiosis in a Murine Model","volume":"84","author":"J Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803518","article-title":"Dendritic cell anergy results from endotoxemia in severe malnutrition","volume":"183","author":"SM Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1004027","article-title":"Protein energy malnutrition impairs homeostatic proliferation of memory CD8 T cells","volume":"188","author":"SS Iyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105017","article-title":"The immune system in children with malnutrition\u2014a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"MJ Rytter","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0246193.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200110002-00004","article-title":"Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"33","author":"H Szajewska","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302504","article-title":"An update on the use and investigation of probiotics in health and disease","volume":"62","author":"ME Sanders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.037747","article-title":"Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine","volume":"53","author":"W Kruis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref014","first-page":"1012","article-title":"Clinical use of E. coli Nissle 1917 in inflammatory bowel disease Clinical use of E. coli Nissle 1917 in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"M Schultz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03019.x","article-title":"Detection and distribution of probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 clones in swine herds in Germany","volume":"101","author":"S Kleta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646498","article-title":"Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 protects gnotobiotic pigs against human rotavirus by modulating pDC and NK-cell responses","volume":"46","author":"AN Vlasova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501705","article-title":"Differential Effects of Escherichia coli Nissle and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain GG on Human Rotavirus Binding, Infection, and B Cell Immunity","volume":"196","author":"S Kandasamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-016-0148-7","article-title":"Effects of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and Ciprofloxacin on small intestinal epithelial cell mRNA expression in the neonatal piglet model of human rotavirus infection","volume":"8","author":"FC Paim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2007.00565.x","article-title":"Acid, bile, and heat tolerance of free and microencapsulated probiotic bacteria","volume":"72","author":"WK Ding","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref020","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Preparation of alginate\/chitosan\/carboxymethyl chitosan complex microcapsules and application in Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393","author":"X.Y. Li XGC","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2006.tb12395.x","article-title":"Stability of Lactobacillus reuteri in different types of microcapsules","volume":"71","author":"P. Muthukumarasamy PA-W","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.06.003","article-title":"Microencapsulation of probiotics for gastrointestinal delivery","volume":"162","author":"MT Cook","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref023","first-page":"167","article-title":"Microencapsulation for gastrointestinal delivery of probiotic bacteria,\u201d in Nano Microencapsulation Foods","author":"K Kailasapathy","year":"2014","journal-title":"WileyBlackwell"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00489","article-title":"Enhanced Probiotic Potential of Lactobacillus reuteri When Delivered as a Biofilm on Dextranomer Microspheres That Contain Beneficial Cargo","volume":"8","author":"JB Navarro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.102","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis: alterations in inflammation, innate immune response, and the microbiota","volume":"76","author":"MA Underwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref026","first-page":"23","article-title":"Prospects, technological aspects, and limitations of probiotics- a world wide review","volume":"1","author":"PS Bahadoria","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Food Res Rev"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.12.006","article-title":"Effects of yogurt starter cultures on the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus","volume":"145","author":"EW Ng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-765","article-title":"Invited review: Advances in starter cultures and cultured foods","volume":"90","author":"TM Cogan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2008.00082.x","article-title":"Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development","volume":"66","author":"RL Guerrant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000261","article-title":"Interactions between intestinal pathogens, enteropathy and malnutrition in developing countries","volume":"29","author":"AJ Prendergast","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00119-16","article-title":"Impact of Childhood Malnutrition on Host Defense and Infection","volume":"30","author":"MK Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Probiotics as a Strategy to Improve Overall Human Health in Developing Countries","volume":"2","author":"RS Nahaisi MH","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Prob Health"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000496426","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System","volume":"74","author":"C Maldonado Galdeano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.4161\/19490976.2014.969972","article-title":"Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria enhance mucosal B cell responses and differentially modulate systemic antibody responses to an oral human rotavirus vaccine in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model","volume":"5","author":"S Kandasamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.020","article-title":"Probiotics and colostrum\/milk differentially affect neonatal humoral immune responses to oral rotavirus vaccine","volume":"31","author":"KS Chattha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300678","article-title":"Divergent immunomodulating effects of probiotics on T cell responses to oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine and virulent human rotavirus infection in a neonatal gnotobiotic piglet disease model","volume":"191","author":"KS Chattha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76962","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076962","article-title":"Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria promote immune homeostasis by modulating innate immune responses to human rotavirus in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"8","author":"AN Vlasova","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1128\/AM.12.4.295-300.1964","article-title":"Procurement and Maintenance of Germ-Free Seine for Microbiological Investigations","volume":"12","author":"RC Meyer","year":"1964","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66465","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066465","article-title":"Cell lineage identification and stem cell culture in a porcine model for the study of intestinal epithelial regeneration","volume":"8","author":"LM Gonzalez","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-011-0826-y","article-title":"Air-liquid interface cultures enhance the oxygen supply and trigger the structural and functional differentiation of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC)","volume":"136","author":"C Nossol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009072","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the immune response upon Salmonella typhimurium infection along the porcine intestinal gut","volume":"41","author":"M Collado-Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.12.039","article-title":"Prenatal vitamin A deficiency impairs adaptive immune responses to pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq(R)) in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model","volume":"32","author":"S Kandasamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082966","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency impairs adaptive B and T cell responses to a prototype monovalent attenuated human rotavirus vaccine and virulent human rotavirus challenge in a gnotobiotic piglet model","volume":"8","author":"KS Chattha","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.3.3.342-350.1996","article-title":"Development of mucosal and systemic lymphoproliferative responses and protective immunity to human group A rotaviruses in a gnotobiotic pig model","volume":"3","author":"LA Ward","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.070","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus enhances the immunogenicity of an oral rotavirus vaccine in gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"26","author":"W Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.5.3075-3083.1996","article-title":"Systematic and intestinal antibody-secreting cell responses and correlates of protective immunity to human rotavirus in a gnotobiotic pig model of disease","volume":"70","author":"L Yuan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.09.006","article-title":"Age-dependent variation in innate immune responses to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in suckling versus weaned pigs","volume":"168","author":"T Annamalai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21282","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in inflammatory bowel diseases: a decade later","volume":"16","author":"E Cario","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30247","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030247","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of intestinal epithelial cells from normal and SIV-infected rhesus macaques","volume":"7","author":"D Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","article-title":"Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C(T) method","volume":"3","author":"TD Schmittgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.1.12-20.2004","article-title":"Magnitude of serum and intestinal antibody responses induced by sequential replicating and nonreplicating rotavirus vaccines in gnotobiotic pigs and correlation with protection","volume":"11","author":"MS Azevedo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"pone.0246193.ref052","first-page":"2661","article-title":"Serum and intestinal isotype antibody responses and correlates of protective immunity to human rotavirus in a gnotobiotic pig model of disease","volume":"79","author":"TL To","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3184\/003685009X12605525292307","article-title":"Life in the gut: microbial responses to stress in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"93","author":"P Louis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci Prog"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2608","article-title":"Control of pathogens and pathobionts by the gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"N Kamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.051276-0","article-title":"Innate cellular responses to rotavirus infection","volume":"94","author":"G Holloway","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e313","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000313","article-title":"A key role of dendritic cells in probiotic functionality","volume":"2","author":"B Foligne","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002408","article-title":"Effects of oral intake of plasmacytoid dendritic cells-stimulative lactic acid bacterial strain on pathogenesis of influenza-like illness and immunological response to influenza virus","volume":"114","author":"T Sugimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-011-1363-9","article-title":"A double-blind placebo-controlled trial to study therapeutic effects of probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 in subgroups of patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"27","author":"W Kruis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.2.317","article-title":"Maturation stages of mouse dendritic cells in growth factor-dependent long-term cultures","volume":"185","author":"C Winzler","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60945","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells promote rotavirus-induced human and murine B cell responses","volume":"123","author":"EM Deal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.02.002","article-title":"Prominent role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in mucosal T cell-independent IgA induction","volume":"34","author":"H Tezuka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-01-134833","article-title":"Integrin alpha E(CD103)beta 7 influences cellular shape and motility in a ligand-dependent fashion","volume":"112","author":"S Schlickum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-4-1","article-title":"Health impact of probiotics\u2014vision and opportunities","volume":"4","author":"N Hajela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/71653","article-title":"Getting to the guts of enteroendocrine differentiation","volume":"24","author":"M Skipper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ib40163d","article-title":"Unraveling intestinal stem cell behavior with models of crypt dynamics","volume":"6","author":"AJ Carulli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr Biol (Camb)"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.02.062","article-title":"Harvesting the benefits of biofilms: A novel probiotic delivery system for the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"51","author":"JK Olson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814119","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1814119","article-title":"A novel probiotic therapeutic in a murine model of Clostridioides difficile colitis","volume":"12","author":"RD Shelby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"pone.0246193.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G408","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00078.2018","article-title":"An enhanced Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm formulation that increases protection against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"315","author":"JK Olson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0246193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T14:48:22Z","timestamp":1613486902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0246193"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Mantis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0246193","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]}}}