{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T15:58:35Z","timestamp":1765727915707,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A supplementation (VAS) in 6-59-month-old children is recommended but its sustainability is currently questioned. In Senegal, available data suggest that VAS should be maintained, but geographic and age-related specificities need to be addressed to better implement and target VAS programming. The objective of this comparative cross-sectional study, conducted in urban settings of Dakar, was to compare the vitamin A liver stores (VALS) assessed using the modified-relative dose response (MRDR) test between supplemented and non-supplemented 9\u201323 month-old children and to study their relationship with VAS. The supplemented group (n = 119) received VAS (either 100 000 UI or 200 000 UI) 2 to 6 months before evaluation while the non-supplemented group (n = 110) had not received VAS during the past 6 months. In addition to MRDR, serum retinol concentrations (SR), and biomarkers of subclinical inflammation were measured. Children\u2019s health-related data and feeding patterns were collected. Mean MRDR values (VAS: 0.030 \u00b1 0.017, non-VAS: 0.028 \u00b1 0.016, P = 0.389) and inflammation-adjusted SR (VAS: 1.34 \u00b1 0.37, non-VAS: 1.3 \u00b1 0.35, P = 0.515) of children were adequate. Low prevalence of VALS (VAS: 5.2%, non-VAS: 5.4%) and inflammation-adjusted VAD (VAS: 2.6%, non-VAS: 0.9%) were detected despite high presence of infections and inflammation. Children were mostly still being breastfed (VAS: 85.7%, non-VAS: 77.3%) and complementary feeding indicators were similar in both groups. Only breastfeeding was associated with VALS and was found to reduce by 76% at least, the odds of VAD (adjusted OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07\u20130.8, P = 0.020). Based on MRDR values, VAS was not related to improved VALS and SR as well as VAD reduction among these children with adequate VALS. Reinforcing breastfeeding advocacy and morbidity prevention\/control are essential in this setting. Scaling-back VAS in this subpopulation should be examined regarding the risk of hypervitaminosis A after an evaluation of dietary vitamin A intake sufficiency and a more quantitative assessment of VALS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T18:38:46Z","timestamp":1611945526000},"page":"e0246246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adequate vitamin A liver stores estimated by the modified relative dose response test are positively associated with breastfeeding but not vitamin A supplementation in Senegalese urban children 9\u201323 months old: A comparative cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5119-6803","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mane H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Faye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Madeleine A.","family":"Di\u00e9m\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Idohou-Dossou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdou","family":"Badiane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-1518","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adama","family":"Diouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ndeye Magatte","family":"Ndiaye Ndome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherry A.","family":"Tanumihardjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995\u20132005. WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency.","year":"2009","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","key":"pone.0246246.ref001"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0246246.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1160362","article-title":"The vicious cycle of vitamin A deficiency: A review.","volume":"57","author":"EM Wiseman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref003","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Vitamin A deficiency.","author":"A Palmer","year":"2017","edition":"3"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e528","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00039-X","article-title":"Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: a pooled analysis of population surveys","volume":"3","author":"GA Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.8.2255","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency is prevalent in children less than 5 y of age in Nigeria","volume":"136","author":"BB Maziya-Dixon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0246246.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001300222X","article-title":"Prevalence and public health relevance of micronutrient deficiencies and undernutrition in pre-school children and women of reproductive age in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, West Africa.","volume":"17","author":"F Rohner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0246246.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155031","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155031","article-title":"Anemia, micronutrient deficiencies, and malaria in children and women in Sierra Leone prior to the Ebola outbreak\u2014findings of a cross-sectional study.","volume":"11","author":"JP Wirth","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0246246.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12298","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12298","article-title":"Accounting for the influence of inflammation on retinol-binding protein in a population survey of Liberian preschool-age children","volume":"13","author":"LM Larson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0246246.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102275","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies, nutritional status and the determinants of anemia in children 0\u201359 months of age and nonpregnant women of reproductive age in the Gambia.","volume":"11","author":"N Petry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0246246.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0228258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228258","article-title":"Anemia, micronutrient deficiencies, malaria, hemoglobinopathies and malnutrition in young children and non-pregnant women in Ghana: findings from a national survey.","volume":"15","author":"R Wegm\u00fcller","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0246246.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15226\/jnhfs.2020.001176","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of vitamin A deficiency among children and women in Senegal.","volume":"8","author":"MH Faye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutrition Health Food Sci."},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref012","first-page":"37","article-title":"Large dose vitamin A to control vitamin A deficiency.","volume":"30","author":"A. Sommer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl"},{"volume-title":"Vitamin A supplements: a guide to their use in the treatment and prevention of vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia.","year":"1997","author":"WHO\/UNICEF\/IVACG","key":"pone.0246246.ref013"},{"volume-title":"Guideline: vitamin A supplementation for infants and children 6\u201359 months of age","year":"2011","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","key":"pone.0246246.ref014"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref015","first-page":"CD008524","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from 6 months to 5 years of age (Review).","volume":"12","author":"A Imdad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref016","first-page":"CD008524","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age.","volume":"3","author":"A Imdad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"9876","key":"pone.0246246.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62125-4","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation every 6 months with retinol in 1 million pre-school children in north India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"381","author":"S Awasthi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0246246.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e739","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0550","article-title":"High-dose vitamin A with vaccination after 6 months of age: a randomized trial","volume":"134","author":"AB Fisker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"West KP Jr, Sommer A. Delivery of oral doses of vitamin A to prevent vitamin A deficiency and nutritional blindness. A state-of-the-art review. Nutrition Policy Discussion Paper No 2. Rome: United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination, Subcommittee on Nutrition, 1987. Available from: https:\/\/www.unscn.org\/layout\/modules\/resources\/files\/Policy_paper_No_2.pdf.","DOI":"10.1177\/156482658700900401"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0246246.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012000560","article-title":"The use and interpretation of serum retinol distributions in evaluating the public health impact of vitamin A programmes.","volume":"15","author":"AC Palmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0246246.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13965","article-title":"Overlapping vitamin A interventions in the United States, Guatemala, Zambia, and South Africa: case studies.","volume":"1446","author":"SA Tanumihardjo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals NY Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0246246.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-019-0617-y","article-title":"Restricting vitamin A intake increases bone formation in Zambian children with high liver stores of vitamin","volume":"14","author":"SA Tanumihardjo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0246246.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz100","article-title":"Perspective: Integration to Implementation (I-to-I) and the micronutrient forum-addressing the safety and effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation.","volume":"11","author":"DJ Raiten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0246246.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu194","article-title":"Vitamin A policies need rethinking.","volume":"44","author":"J Mason","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0246246.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu279","article-title":"Vitamin A policies need rethinking.","volume":"44","author":"CS Benn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"volume-title":"Internal briefing note on need for rethinking vitamin A policies.","year":"2014","author":"Global Alliance for Vitamin A (GAVA)","key":"pone.0246246.ref026"},{"volume-title":"Conditions for scaling back universal preschool vitamin A supplementation. Policy brief.","year":"2019","author":"Global Alliance for Vitamin A (GAVA)","key":"pone.0246246.ref027"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0246246.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu274","article-title":"Premature abandonment of global vitamin A supplementation programmes is not prudent!","volume":"44","author":"ZA Bhutta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0246246.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu275","article-title":"Commentary: Vitamin A policies need rethinking.","volume":"44","author":"KP West","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0246246.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzy006","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzy006","article-title":"Delivering vitamin A supplements to children aged 6\u201359 months: comparing delivery through campaigns and through routine health services in Senegal.","volume":"2","author":"S Horton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr."},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref031","unstructured":"Ndiaye S, Ayad M. Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal 2005. Calverton, Maryland, USA: Centre de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement Humain [S\u00e9n\u00e9gal] et ORC Macro, 2006. Available from: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR177\/FR177.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref032","unstructured":"Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la D\u00e9mographie (ANSD) [S\u00e9n\u00e9gal], ICF. S\u00e9n\u00e9gal: Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 Continue (EDS-Continue 2017). Rockville, Maryland, USA: ANSD et ICF, 2018. Available from: http:\/\/www.ansd.sn\/ressources\/rapports\/Rapport%20Final%20EDS%202017.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref033","unstructured":"Diop LB. Consommation d\u2019huiles raffin\u00e9es enrichies en vitamine A par quelques m\u00e9nages de la r\u00e9gion de Dakar dans le cadre de la fortification des aliments en micronutriments au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal: effet du chauffage sur la concentration en vitamine A des huiles. Master en Nutrition et Alimentation Humaine. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/bibnum.ucad.sn\/viewer.php?c=mmoires&d=mems%5f2015%5f0045."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0246246.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030190","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation programs and country-level evidence of vitamin A deficiency.","volume":"9","author":"JP Wirth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0246246.ref035","first-page":"219","article-title":"Use of the modified relative dose response (MRDR) assay in rats and its application to humans for the measurement of vitamin A status.","volume":"44","author":"SA Tanumihardjo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0246246.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.5.1186","article-title":"Adjustments to the modified relative dose response (MRDR) test for assessment of vitamin A status minimize the blood volume used in piglets.","volume":"134","author":"AR Valentine","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0246246.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.10.3061","article-title":"Muhilal. Estimation of the effect of the acute phase response on indicators of micronutrient status in Indonesian infants","volume":"132","author":"FT Wieringa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"volume-title":"Serum retinol concentrations for determining the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System.","year":"2011","author":"World Health Organization (WHO).","key":"pone.0246246.ref038"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0246246.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.738","article-title":"Efficacy of a vitamin A-fortified wheat-flour bun on the vitamin A status of Filipino schoolchildren","volume":"72","author":"FS Solon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0246246.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601953","article-title":"Muhilal. Vitamin A status and hemoglobin concentrations are improved in Indonesian children with vitamin A and deworming interventions","volume":"58","author":"SA Tanumihardjo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0246246.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.2.451","article-title":"Vitamin A status of Indonesian children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides after dosing with vitamin A supplements and albendazole","volume":"126","author":"SA Tanumihardjo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.6.1068","article-title":"Vitamin A status in preschool-age Indonesian children as assessed by the modified relative-dose-response assay","volume":"52","author":"SA Tanumihardjo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.1.136","article-title":"Comparison of vitamin A status assessment techniques in children from two Indonesian villages","volume":"60","author":"SA Tanumihardjo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15099-4","article-title":"Effects of subclinical infection on plasma retinol concentrations and assessment of prevalence of vitamin A deficiency: meta-analysis","volume":"362","author":"DI Thurnham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"volume-title":"WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight- for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for- Age: Methods and Development.","year":"2006","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","key":"pone.0246246.ref045"},{"volume-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System.","year":"2011","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","key":"pone.0246246.ref046"},{"volume-title":"Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: conclusions of a consensus meeting held 6\u20138 November 2007 in Washington D.C., USA.","year":"2009","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","key":"pone.0246246.ref047"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"pone.0246246.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.142273","article-title":"BRINDA Working Group. Methodologic approach for the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project.","volume":"106","author":"SML Namaste","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0246246.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081100","article-title":"Approaches to assess vitamin A status in settings of inflammation: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project.","volume":"10","author":"LM Larson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0246246.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czl029","article-title":"Constructing socioeconomic status indices: how to use principal components analysis.","volume":"21","author":"S Vyas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0246246.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-018-02851-x","article-title":"Does India need a universal high-dose vitamin A supplementation program?","volume":"86","author":"T Greiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0246246.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i12.14203","article-title":"Is it time for South Africa to end the routine high-dose vitamin A supplementation programme?","volume":"109","author":"A Coutsoudis","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0246246.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017000684","article-title":"Determinants of successful vitamin A supplementation coverage among children aged 6\u201359 months in thirteen sub-Saharan African countries.","volume":"20","author":"A Janmohamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0246246.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.166454","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency is detected by the modified relative dose-response test in six-month-old Senegalese breast-fed infants","volume":"142","author":"A Agne-Djigo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-016-0121-4","article-title":"Vitamin A status and body pool size of infants before and after consuming fortified home-based complementary foods.","volume":"74","author":"S Newton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0246246.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601953","article-title":"Vitamin A status and hemoglobin concentrations are improved in Indonesian children with vitamin A and deworming interventions","volume":"58","author":"SA Tanumihardjo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0246246.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507705019","article-title":"The effects of maternal and infant vitamin A supplementation on vitamin A status: a randomised trial in Kenya","volume":"98","author":"RA Ayah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0246246.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382","article-title":"South African preschool children habitually consuming sheep liver and exposed to vitamin A supplementation and fortification have hypervitaminotic A liver stores: a cohort study","volume":"110","author":"ME van Stuijvenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0246246.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000077","article-title":"Effects on vitamin A deficiency in children of periodic high-dose supplements and of fortified oil promotion in a deficient area of the Philippines.","volume":"81","author":"JB Mason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0246246.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.79.1.40","article-title":"The vitamin A status of Zambian children in a community of vitamin A supplementation and sugar fortification strategies as measured by the modified relative dose response (MRDR) test.","volume":"79","author":"EM Kafwembe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref061","first-page":"327","volume-title":"Food fortification in Senegal: a case study and lessons learned.","author":"A Ka","year":"2018"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0246246.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001400322X","article-title":"Vitamin A-fortified cooking oil reduces vitamin A deficiency in infants, young children and women: results from a programme evaluation in Indonesia.","volume":"18","author":"Sandjaja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0246246.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050522","article-title":"Vitamin A status of women and children in Yaound\u00e9 and Douala, Cameroon, is unchanged one year after initiation of a national vitamin A oil fortification program.","volume":"9","author":"R Engle-Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref064","unstructured":"Comit\u00e9 S\u00e9n\u00e9galais pour la Fortification des Aliments en Micronutriments (COSFAM). Rapport d\u2019\u00e9tude FRAT (Fortification Rapid Assessment Tool): \u00c9tude d\u2019identification des aliments vecteurs susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre enrichis \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle en micronutriments au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal. 2006. 63p."},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref065","unstructured":"Association S\u00e9n\u00e9galaise de Normalisation (ASN). Normes homologu\u00e9es des huiles comestibles d\u2019arachide raffin\u00e9es enrichies en vitamine A. 2013. 12p."},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref066","article-title":"\u00c9valuation de la consommation de sel ajout\u00e9 et de bouillons au niveau des m\u00e9nages s\u00e9n\u00e9galais en milieu urbain et rural. Master en Nutrition et Alimentation Humaine.","author":"SD K\u00e9b\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thesis, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar."},{"issue":"6801","key":"pone.0246246.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6801.493","article-title":"Breast feeding and vitamin A deficiency among children attending a diarrhoea treatment centre in Bangladesh: a case-control study","volume":"303","author":"D. Mahalanabis","year":"1991","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0246246.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007246609","article-title":"Breast-feeding, dietary intakes and their associations with subclinical vitamin A deficiency in children in Anhui Province, China.","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0246246.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/156482659401500201","article-title":"Vitamin A and breast-feeding: A comparison of data from developed and developing countries.","volume":"15","author":"V. Newman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0246246.ref070","first-page":"292","article-title":"The contribution of breast milk to toddler diets in western Kenya","volume":"80","author":"AW Onyango","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0246246.ref071","first-page":"80","article-title":"Contribution of breastfeeding to vitamin A nutrition of infants: a simulation model","volume":"81","author":"JS Ross","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0246246.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0334-4","article-title":"Low breastmilk vitamin A concentration is prevalent in rural Ethiopia.","volume":"73","author":"Z Abebe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0246246.ref073","first-page":"4009","article-title":"Relationship between breastfeeding patterns and intake of vitamin A and iron in children 6\u201312 months.","volume":"24","author":"MA Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cien Saude Colet"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref074","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sante et de l\u2019Action Sociale (MSAS). Politiques, normes & protocoles des services de sant\u00e9 de la reproduction et survie de l\u2019enfant. MSAS, 2018."},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref075","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sante et de l\u2019Action Sociale (MSAS). Protocole national de prise en charge de la malnutrition aigu\u00eb. MSAS, 2013."},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref076","unstructured":"Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la D\u00e9mographie (ANSD) [S\u00e9n\u00e9gal], ICF. S\u00e9n\u00e9gal: Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 Continue (EDS-Continue 2018). Rockville, Maryland, USA: ANSD et ICF, 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.ansd.sn\/ressources\/publications\/RAPPORT%20MENAGE%20VFFR367.pdf."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0246246.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph200704040008","article-title":"Guidelines for Environmental Health Management in Children\u2019s Homes in Sub-Sahara Africa.","volume":"4","author":"C Muruka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0246246.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1051\/ata\/2011132","article-title":"Caract\u00e9risation physico-chimique et effets cytotoxiques de particules atmosph\u00e9riques PM2,5 de la ville de Dakar (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal).","volume":"23","author":"D Dieme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Toxicol Anal"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref079","unstructured":"Diawara AB. Les d\u00e9chets solides a Dakar. Environnement, soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et gestion urbaine. Ph D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 Michel de Montaigne\u2014Bordeaux III. 2009. Available from: file:\/\/\/G:\/TheseDiawara.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0246246.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247815613693","article-title":"Flooding in the suburbs of Dakar: impacts on the assets and adaptation strategies of households or communities.","volume":"28","author":"O Ciss\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environment & Urbanization."},{"issue":"8862","key":"pone.0246246.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91879-Q","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation in northern Ghana: effects on clinic attendances, hospital admissions, and child mortality.","volume":"342","author":"Ghana VAST Study Team","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0246246.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.116","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation and childhood morbidity from diarrhea and respiratory infections: a meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"I Grotto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0246246.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020289","article-title":"Micronutrient supplementation and fortification interventions on health and development outcomes among children under-five in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"E Tam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0246246.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1086\/315921","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation: implications for morbidity and mortality in children","volume":"182","author":"E Villamor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0246246.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011002126","article-title":"Serum retinol in 1-6-year-old children from a low socio-economic South African community with a high intake of liver: implications for blanket vitamin A supplementation","volume":"15","author":"ME van Stuijvenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0246246.ref086","unstructured":"Tanumihardjo SA. Biomarkers of vitamin A status: what do they mean? In: World Health Organization. Report: Priorities in the assessment of vitamin A and iron status in populations, Panama City, Panama, 15\u201317 September 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/micronutrients\/background_paper2_report_assessment_vitAandIron_status.pdf."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0246246.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.229708","article-title":"Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)-Vitamin A Review.","volume":"146","author":"SA Tanumihardjo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0246246.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.1.142","article-title":"Assessment of the vitamin A status in lactating and nonlactating, nonpregnant Indonesian women by use of the modified-relative-dose-response (MRDR) test.","volume":"60","author":"SA Tanumihardjo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0246246.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.6.1068","article-title":"Vitamin A status in preschool-age Indonesian children as assessed by the modified relative-dose-response assay","volume":"52","author":"SA Tanumihardjo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0246246","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T17:36:30Z","timestamp":1697736990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0246246"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joann M.","family":"McDermid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0246246","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]}}}