{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:42:38Z","timestamp":1793331758284,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011094","name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1000183915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000183915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["148714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["148714"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["04730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canadians face an emerging threat of Lyme disease due to the northward expansion of the tick vector,<jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>. We evaluated the degree of<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>scapularis<\/jats:italic>population establishment and<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>occurrence in the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada from 2017\u20132019 using active surveillance at 28 sites. We used a field indicator tool developed by Clow et al. to determine the risk of<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>scapularis<\/jats:italic>establishment for each tick cohort at each site using the results of drag sampling. Based on results obtained with the field indicator tool, we assigned each site an ecological classification describing the pattern of tick colonization over two successive cohorts (cohort 1 was comprised of ticks collected in fall 2017 and spring 2018, and cohort 2 was collected in fall 2018 and spring 2019). Total annual site-specific<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>scapularis<\/jats:italic>density ranged from 0 to 16.3 ticks per person-hour. Sites with the highest density were located within the Greenbelt zone, in the suburban\/rural areas in the western portion of the city of Ottawa, and along the Ottawa River; the lowest densities occurred at sites in the suburban\/urban core.<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>infection rates exhibited a similar spatial distribution pattern. Of the 23 sites for which data for two tick cohorts were available, 11 sites were classified as \u201chigh-stable\u201d, 4 were classified as \u201cemerging\u201d, 2 were classified as \u201clow-stable\u201d, and 6 were classified as \u201cnon-zero\u201d.<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>-infected ticks were found at all high-stable sites, and at one emerging site. These findings suggest that high-stable sites pose a risk of Lyme disease exposure to the community as they have reproducing tick populations with consistent levels of<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>infection. Continued surveillance for<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>scapularis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, and range expansion of other tick species and emerging tick-borne pathogens is important to identify areas posing a high risk for human exposure to tick-borne pathogens in the face of ongoing climate change and urban expansion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T04:04:37Z","timestamp":1612497877000},"page":"e0246484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A multi-year assessment of blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) population establishment and Lyme disease risk areas in Ottawa, Canada, 2017-2019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Holly","family":"Burrows","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Slatculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Thickstun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Robbin","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Dibernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jules K.","family":"Koffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas H.","family":"Ogden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-4960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manisha A.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0246484.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"057008","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP57","article-title":"Expansion of the Lyme Disease Vector Ixodes Scapularis in Canada Inferred from CMIP5 Climate Projections","volume":"125","author":"M McPherson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0246484.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2012.02112.x","article-title":"Predicting the speed of tick invasion: an empirical model of range expansion for the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in Canada","volume":"49","author":"PA Leighton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0246484.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v40i05a01","article-title":"Environmental risk from Lyme disease in central and eastern Canada: a summary of recent surveillance information","volume":"40","author":"NH Ogden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0246484.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0189393","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189393","article-title":"Northward range expansion of Ixodes scapularis evident over a short timescale in Ontario, Canada","volume":"12","author":"KM Clow","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0246484.ref005","unstructured":"Ottawa Public Health. 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