{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:53:29Z","timestamp":1790834009726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System","award":["#-1U01FD007145-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#-1U01FD007145-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/Food and Drug Administration","award":["5U 18FD006194-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U 18FD006194-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Center for Disease Control and Prevention identifies antimicrobial resistant (AMR)<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>as a serious threat to U.S. public health due to high community burden, increased transmissibility, and limited treatability. The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) plays an important role in surveillance of AMR bacterial pathogens in humans, food animals and retail meats. This study investigated<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>jejuni<\/jats:italic>from live food animals, poultry carcasses at production, and retail meat in North Carolina between January 2018-December 2019. Whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics were used for phenotypic and genotypic characterization to compare AMR profiles, virulence factors associated with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome (GBS) (<jats:italic>neuABC<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>cst-II<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>cst-III<\/jats:italic>), and phylogenic linkage between 541<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>isolates (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>n = 343,<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>jejuni<\/jats:italic>n = 198). Overall, 90.4% (489\/541)<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>isolates tested positive for AMR genes, while 43% (233\/541) carried resistance genes for three or more antibiotic classes and were classified molecularly multidrug resistant. AMR gene frequencies were highest against tetracyclines (64.3%), beta-lactams (63.6%), aminoglycosides (38.6%), macrolides (34.8%), quinolones (24.4%), lincosamides (13.5%), and streptothricins (5%). A total of 57.6% (114\/198)<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>jejuni<\/jats:italic>carried GBS virulence factors, while three<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>carried the<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>jejuni<\/jats:italic>-like lipooligosaccharide locus,<jats:italic>neu<\/jats:italic>ABC<jats:italic>and cst-II<\/jats:italic>. Further evidence of<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>jejuni<\/jats:italic>interspecies genomic exchange was observed in identical multilocus sequence typing, shared sequence type (ST) 7818 clonal complex 828, and identical species-indicator genes<jats:italic>mapA<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ceuE<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>hipO<\/jats:italic>. There was a significant increase in novel STs from 2018 to 2019 (2 in 2018 and 21 in 2019, p&lt;0.002), illustrating variable<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>genomes within food animal production. Introgression between<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>jejuni<\/jats:italic>may aid pathogen adaption, lead to higher AMR and increase<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>persistence in food processing. Future studies should further characterize interspecies gene transfer and evolutionary trends in food animal production to track evolving risks to public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T23:19:23Z","timestamp":1613085563000},"page":"e0246571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance and interspecies gene transfer in Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolated from food animals, poultry processing, and retail meat in North Carolina, 2018\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Hull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Harrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-1305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arnoud H. M.","family":"van Vliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-9939","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"200","key":"pone.0246571.ref001","first-page":"12","article-title":"Campylobacter spp. as a foodborne pathogen: a review","volume":"2","author":"J Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0246571.ref002","unstructured":"Laughlin ME, Chatham-Stephens K, Geissler AL. Campylobacteriosis. 2019 11 June 2019. In: CDC Yellow Book 2020 [Internet]. 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