{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T16:13:24Z","timestamp":1782576804374,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mercury and other toxic metals have been suggested to be involved in thyroid disorders, but the distribution and prevalence of mercury in the human thyroid gland is not known. We therefore used two elemental bio-imaging techniques to look at the distribution of mercury and other toxic metals in the thyroid glands of people over a wide range of ages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded thyroid tissue blocks were obtained from 115 people aged 1\u2013104 years old, with varied clinicopathological conditions, who had thyroid samples removed during forensic\/coronial autopsies. Seven-micron sections from these tissue blocks were used to detect intracellular inorganic mercury using autometallography. The presence of mercury was confirmed using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry which can detect multiple elements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mercury was found on autometallography in the thyroid follicular cells of 4% of people aged 1\u201329 years, 9% aged 30\u201359 years, and 38% aged 60\u2013104 years. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of mercury in samples staining with autometallography, and detected cadmium, lead, iron, nickel and silver in selected samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proportion of people with mercury in their thyroid follicular cells increases with age, until it is present in over one-third of people aged 60 years and over. Other toxic metals in thyroid cells could enhance mercury toxicity. Mercury can trigger genotoxicity, autoimmune reactions, and oxidative damage, which raises the possibility that mercury could play a role in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancers, autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T23:17:31Z","timestamp":1612912651000},"page":"e0246748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Mercury in the human thyroid gland: Potential implications for thyroid cancer, autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3326-7273","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roger","family":"Pamphlett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip A.","family":"Doble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0246748.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.110","article-title":"The changing incidence of thyroid cancer","volume":"12","author":"CM Kitahara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"pone.0246748.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02060","article-title":"The relative importance of genetic and environmental effects for the early stages of thyroid autoimmunity: a study of healthy Danish twins","volume":"154","author":"PS Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"pone.0246748.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00050","article-title":"Environmental Issues in Thyroid Diseases","volume":"8","author":"SM Ferrari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"pone.0246748.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-014-0023-7","article-title":"Perspectives in endocrine toxicity of heavy metals\u2014a review","volume":"160","author":"SV Rana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"pone.0246748.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0244","article-title":"Concentration of Metals and Trace Elements in the Normal Human and Rat Thyroid: Comparison with Muscle and Adipose Tissue and Volcanic Versus Control Areas","volume":"30","author":"P Malandrino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"pone.0246748.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02931255","article-title":"The endocrine disruptive effects of mercury","volume":"4","author":"X Zhu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0246748.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205239","article-title":"Thyroid hormones in relation to lead, mercury, and cadmium exposure in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007\u20132008","volume":"121","author":"A Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0246748.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051501","article-title":"Overview of Cadmium Thyroid Disrupting Effects and Mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"A Buha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0246748.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(89)90020-X","article-title":"Distribution of dietary mercury in a dog. 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