{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:14:04Z","timestamp":1769512444740,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of the present study was to investigate the visual attentional behavior towards a pain-affected area and face\/body images using eye tracking in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) patients. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between visual attentional behavior and clinical symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Eight female patients with CRPS type 1 in their upper limbs and 8 healthy adult women participated in this study. First, the participants were asked to watch videoclips in a relaxed manner (Videoclip 1 featured young adults who introduced themselves; Videoclip 2 featured young adults touching the hand of the other person sitting across from them with their hand.) Eye movement data were tracked with eye-tracking glasses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In video clip 1, the fixation duration (FD) and fixation count (FC) on faces tended to be lower in CRPS patients than in healthy controls. This tendency was found in patients with low body cognitive distortions. In video clip 2, CRPS patients displayed significantly lower FD and FC on the unaffected hand while watching a video of the unaffected hand being touched compared with healthy controls. Moreover, patients with low body cognitive distortion displayed significantly longer FD on the affected hand.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Some CRPS patients differed in visual attentional behavior toward the face and body compared with healthy controls. In addition, our findings suggest that patients with lower body cognitive distortion may have a high visual attention for the affected hand, while patients with higher distortion may be neglecting the affected hand.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T18:45:47Z","timestamp":1614105947000},"page":"e0247064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Changes in visual attentional behavior in complex regional pain syndrome: A preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4979-9354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yukiko","family":"Shiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Aono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1719-6495","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Makoto","family":"Nishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Ushida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0247064.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00557-X","article-title":"Complex regional pain syndrome: mystery explained?","volume":"2","author":"W J\u00e4nig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247064.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250335.56958.f0","article-title":"Pathologic pain distorts visuospatial perception","volume":"68","author":"M Sumitani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247064.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000174515.07205.11","article-title":"Distorted body image in complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"65","author":"GL Moseley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0247064.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx152","article-title":"Space-based bias of covert visual attention in complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"140","author":"JH Bultitude","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247064.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10077-8","article-title":"Biased visuospatial perception in complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"7","author":"L Filbrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0247064.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4561831","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4561831","article-title":"Neuropsychological Changes in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)","volume":"2020","author":"M Halicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0247064.ref007","first-page":"764","article-title":"Association of Neglect-Like Symptoms with Anxiety, Somatization, and Depersonalization in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome","volume":"18","author":"M Michal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"pone.0247064.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.10.001","article-title":"Complex regional pain syndrome associated with hyperattention rather than neglect for the healthy side: A comprehensive case study","volume":"59","author":"L Christophe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"pone.0247064.ref009","first-page":"248","article-title":"Disputing space-based biases in unilateral complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"127","author":"M Halicka","journal-title":"Cortex. 2020"},{"key":"pone.0247064.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.07.001","article-title":"Dissociation in accessing space and number representations in pathologic pain patients","volume":"90","author":"M Sumitani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0247064.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24616","article-title":"A New Kind of Spatial Inattention Associated With Chronic Limb Pain?","volume":"79","author":"E Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0247064.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.06.015","article-title":"Visual hot spots: an eye tracking study of attention bias in body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"57","author":"JL Greenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"pone.0247064.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01809","article-title":"Eye Movement in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"6","author":"N Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1696","key":"pone.0247064.ref014","first-page":"2935","article-title":"Atypical gaze patterns in children and adults with autism spectrum disorders dissociated from developmental changes in gaze behaviour","volume":"277","author":"T Nakano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247064.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.11.014","article-title":"Using eye movements to investigate selective attention in chronic daily headache","volume":"155","author":"C Liossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247064.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.02.017","article-title":"Attentional processing of other\u2019s facial display of pain: an eye tracking study","volume":"154","author":"T Vervoort","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247064.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.09.036","article-title":"Temporal changes in attention to sad and happy faces distinguish currently and remitted depressed individuals from never depressed individuals","volume":"230","author":"S Soltani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247064.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.03.032","article-title":"Japanese Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Research Group. Development of comprehensive diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome in the Japanese population","volume":"150","author":"M Sumitani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0247064.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318204858a","article-title":"A multidimensional measure of pain interference: reliability and validity of the pain disability assessment scale","volume":"27","author":"K Yamashiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"pone.0247064.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7458534","article-title":"Effect of tramadol\/acetaminophen on motivation in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"2016","author":"T Tetsunaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Research and Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247064.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/28.5.333","article-title":"Screening for psychological distress in Japanese cancer patients","volume":"28","author":"A Kugaya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247064.ref022","first-page":"60","article-title":"Body perception disturbance (BPD) in CRPS: current and emerging therapeutic approaches including desensitization techniques and mirror visual feedback, together with the introduction of a new clinical tool for the early identification of BPD","volume":"10","author":"JS Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pract Pain Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0247064.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0232246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232246","article-title":"Difference in eye movements during gait analysis between professionals and trainees","volume":"15","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0247064.ref024","unstructured":"Olsen A (2012). The Tobii I-VT fixation filter. Tobii Technology, Danderyd Municipality. https:\/\/www.tobiipro.com\/siteassets\/tobii-pro\/learn-and-support\/analyze\/how-do-we-classify-eye-movements\/tobii-pro-i-vt-fixation-filter.pdf. Accessed 13 Aug 2020."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247064.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-016-0806-x","article-title":"The effect of facial expressions on peripersonal and interpersonal spaces","volume":"81","author":"G Ruggiero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247064.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X10000865","article-title":"The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression","volume":"33","author":"PM Niedenthal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0247064.ref027","first-page":"5419","article-title":"Attentional bias for emotional faces in depressed and non-depressed individuals: an eye-tracking study","volume":"2019","author":"GR Figueiredo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"pone.0247064.ref028","first-page":"1","article-title":"Attentional bias for faces in relation to severity of depressive symptoms: an Eye-Tracking study. XXVI Brazilian Congr","volume":"1","author":"GR Figueiredo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0247064.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.05.052","article-title":"The Human Face as a Dynamic Tool for Social Communication","volume":"25","author":"RE Jack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247064.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.03.016","article-title":"Vision of the body and the differentiation of perceived body side in touch","volume":"49","author":"L Tam\u00e8","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247064.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038514","article-title":"Bodily illusions disrupt tactile sensations","volume":"41","author":"D D\u2019Amour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0247064.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.087163","article-title":"Misoplegia: a review of the literature and a case without hemiplegia","volume":"77","author":"T Loetscher","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247064.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.03.045","article-title":"Patterns of cortical reorganization parallel impaired tactile discrimination and pain intensity in complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"32","author":"B Pleger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247064.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.05.019","article-title":"Impaired self-perception of the hand in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)","volume":"110","author":"S F\u00f6rderreuther","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0247064.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.04.010","article-title":"Severity and specificity of neglect-like symptoms in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) compared to chronic limb pain of other origins","volume":"124","author":"J Frettl\u00f6h","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247064","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T18:46:33Z","timestamp":1614105993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247064"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alastair","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247064","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]}}}