{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:06:28Z","timestamp":1793387188493,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Leeds QR GCRF Research England","award":["95522719 (2017-18)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["95522719 (2017-18)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence about the magnitude of the aflatoxin menace can help policy makers appreciate the importance of the problem and strengthen policies to support aflatoxin mitigation measures. In this study, we estimated aflatoxin-induced liver cancer risk in 2016 for Tanzania and used the information to estimate the health burden due to the aflatoxin exposure in the country. The burden of aflatoxin-induced liver cancer was assessed based on available aflatoxin biomarker data from a previous epidemiology study, hepatitis B virus infection prevalence and population size of Tanzania in 2016. The health burden due to aflatoxin-induced liver cancer was estimated using disability adjusted life years (DALYs). The aflatoxin exposures ranged from 15.0\u201310,926.0 ng\/kg bw\/day (median, 105.5 ng\/kg bw\/day). We estimated that in 2016 there were about 1,480 (2.95 per 100,000 persons) new cases of aflatoxin-induced liver cancer in Tanzania and assumed all of them would die within a year. These morbidity and mortality rates led to a total loss of about 56,247.63 DALYs. These results show, quantitatively, the cases of liver cancer and related deaths that could be avoided, and the healthy life years that could be saved, annually, by strengthening measures to control aflatoxin contamination in Tanzania.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T18:42:32Z","timestamp":1615488152000},"page":"e0247281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Estimating the risk of aflatoxin-induced liver cancer in Tanzania based on biomarker data"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8320-2841","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin E.","family":"Kimanya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael N.","family":"Routledge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6210-9445","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Mpolya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chibundu N.","family":"Ezekiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candida P.","family":"Shirima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4927-5526","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yun Yun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0247281.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.14252\/foodsafetyfscj.2015026","article-title":"Aflatoxin Exposure and Associated Human Health Effects, a Review of Epidemiological Studies","volume":"4","author":"YY Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Safety"},{"key":"pone.0247281.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2016.03.001","article-title":"Impact of mycotoxin on immune response and consequences for pig health","volume":"2","author":"A Pierron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0247281.ref003","first-page":"394","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"B Freddie","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA: Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"pone.0247281.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.3055","article-title":"The burden of primary liver cancer and underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the global, regional, and national level","author":"Global Burden of Disease Liver cancer Collaboration.","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncology"},{"key":"pone.0247281.ref005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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