{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:38:50Z","timestamp":1780681130071,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI20C2088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI20C2088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Meibomian glands exist beneath the palpebral conjunctiva; thus, it is invisible to the naked eye without infrared imaging. This study used meibography to group patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and assessed the effects of hyperthermic massage and mechanical squeezing in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients with MGD were divided into two groups, according to the degree of meibomian gland loss: group 1, in which the sum of eyelid scores ranged from 0 to 4 (mild to moderate gland loss) and group 2, in which the sum of eyelid scores ranged from 5 to 6 (severe gland loss). Hyperthermic massage and mechanical squeezing were given to both groups once a week for 4 weeks, and only non-preservative artificial tears were allowed. Ocular surface disease index (OSDI), Schirmer\u2019s test, meibography score, tear break-up time (TBUT), ocular surface staining, expressible meibomian gland, and quality before and after treatment were compared.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the 49 patients who completed the 4 weeks of treatment and the evaluation at week 5, 29 were assigned to group 1 and 20 were assigned to group 2. Meibography scores, OSDI, TBUT, and expressibility of meibum had significant differences before and after treatments in both groups. However, there was no significant difference between the changes in clinical signs between group 1 and 2 after treatment. Without grouping, all patients showed significant decreases in meibography score, OSDI, cornea staining score, and increases in TBUT and expressibility of meibum after treatment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Considering the results of the current study, hyperthermic massage and mechanical squeezing may be effective in patients with meibomian gland loss, regardless of the degree of severity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T21:03:48Z","timestamp":1615237428000},"page":"e0247365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparative study on the effect of hyperthermic massage and mechanical squeezing in the patients with mild and severe meibomian gland dysfunction: An interventional case series"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dongkyun","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5491-3732","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sehwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuli","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1468-467X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyong Jin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0247365.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997e","article-title":"The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on the epidemiology of, and associated risk factors for, MGD","volume":"52","author":"DA Schaumberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0247365.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31643-X","article-title":"Ocular evaporation in meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye","volume":"100","author":"WD Mathers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0247365.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997b","article-title":"The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the definition and classification subcommittee","volume":"52","author":"JD Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0247365.ref004","first-page":"980","article-title":"Meibomian glands: part IV. 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