{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T03:20:26Z","timestamp":1765423226171,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Sciences (VCS) at the University of Minnesota"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ocular surface microbiome has been described as paucibacterial. Until now, studies investigating the bacterial community associated with the ocular surface through high-throughput sequencing have focused on the conjunctiva. Conjunctival samples are thought to reflect and be representative of the microbiome residing on the ocular surface, including the cornea. Here, we hypothesized that the bacterial community associated with the corneal surface was different from those of the inferonasal and superotemporal conjunctival fornices, and from the tear film.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both eyes from 15 healthy piglets were sampled using swabs (inferonasal fornix, superotemporal fornix, and corneal surface,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 30 each) and Schirmer tear test strips (STT,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 30). Negative sampling controls (swabs and STT,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 2 each) and extraction controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 4) were included. Total DNA was extracted and high-throughput sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene was performed. Bioinformatic analyses included multiple contamination-controlling steps.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Corneal surface samples had a significantly lower number of taxa detected (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01) and were compositionally different from all other sample types (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.04). It also harbored higher levels of Proteobacteria (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05), specifically<jats:italic>Brevundimonas<\/jats:italic>spp. (4.1-fold) and<jats:italic>Paracoccus<\/jats:italic>spp. (3.4-fold) than other sample types. Negative control STT strip samples yielded the highest amount of 16S rRNA gene copies across all sample types (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data suggests that the corneal surface provides a distinct environmental niche within the ocular surface, leading to a bacterial community compositionally different from all other sample types.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T04:03:26Z","timestamp":1613793806000},"page":"e0247392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The porcine corneal surface bacterial microbiome: A distinctive niche within the ocular surface"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0525-8441","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marina L.","family":"Leis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela M.","family":"Madruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9621-1977","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matheus O.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0247392.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12716","article-title":"Mucosal immune tolerance at the ocular surface in health and disease","volume":"150","author":"JG Galletti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0247392.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5116","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19803","article-title":"Paucibacterial Microbiome and Resident DNA Virome of the Healthy Conjunctiva","volume":"57","author":"T Doan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0247392.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5408","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6939","article-title":"Diversity of Bacteria at Healthy Human Conjunctiva","volume":"52","author":"QF Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247392.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00204-5","article-title":"Distribution of mucins at the ocular surface","volume":"78","author":"IK Gipson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247392.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100393","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100393","article-title":"Comparison of the transmembrane mucins MUC1 and MUC16 in epithelial barrier function.","volume":"9","author":"IK Gipson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247392.ref006","first-page":"1316","article-title":"Detection of sialomucin complex (MUC4) in human ocular surface epithelium and tear fluid.","volume":"41","author":"SC Pflugfelder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0903","article-title":"Differential regulation of membrane-associated mucins in the human ocular surface epithelium","volume":"45","author":"Y Hori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247392.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18396","article-title":"Inflammatory Response to Lipopolysaccharide on the Ocular Surface in a Murine Dry Eye Model","volume":"57","author":"KT Simmons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247392.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.12.005","article-title":"Toll-like receptor activation modulates antimicrobial peptide expression by ocular surface cells","volume":"92","author":"RL Redfern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"pone.0247392.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.07.014","article-title":"Antimicrobial compounds in tears","volume":"117","author":"AM McDermott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0247392.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1570526","article-title":"The Ocular Microbiome: Molecular Characterisation of a Unique and Low Microbial Environment","volume":"44","author":"J Ozkan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247392.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12676","article-title":"Veterinary ocular microbiome: Lessons learned beyond the culture.","volume":"22","author":"KC Banks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0247392.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181f237ef","article-title":"Xenotransplantation\u2014the future of corneal transplantation?","volume":"30","author":"H Hara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2017.09.003","article-title":"Characterisation of the porcine eyeball as an in-vitro model for dry eye.","volume":"41","author":"F Menduni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23861-x","article-title":"A porcine ex vivo model of pigmentary glaucoma.","volume":"8","author":"Y Dang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0247392.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0891-7","article-title":"A review of in vivo animal studies in retinal prosthesis research","volume":"246","author":"DR Bertschinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247392.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00198","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00198-16","article-title":"Changes in the Eye Microbiota Associated with Contact Lens Wearing.","volume":"7","author":"H Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0247392.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"E Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0247392.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data.","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0605-2","article-title":"Simple statistical identification and removal of contaminant sequences in marker-gene and metagenomics data.","volume":"6","author":"NM Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"pone.0247392.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0247392.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"pone.0247392.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118910337.ch11","volume-title":"Canine Cornea: Diseases and Surgery. Essentials of Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"KN Gelatt","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247392.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-019-00217-w","article-title":"The Microbiome and Ocular Surface Disease.","volume":"7","author":"A Watane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Ophthalmology Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247392.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.06.014","article-title":"Considerations in understanding the ocular surface microbiome","volume":"158","author":"ME Zegans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247392.ref026","first-page":"325","article-title":"Human Microbiota and Ophthalmic Disease.","volume":"89","author":"LJ Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0247392.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5585","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9922","article-title":"Comparative ocular microbial communities in humans with and without blepharitis","volume":"53","author":"SH Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.11.005","article-title":"Biogeography of the human ocular microbiota.","volume":"17","author":"J Ozkan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Surf."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0247392.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7080259","article-title":"Anatomic Characterization of the Ocular Surface Microbiome in Children.","volume":"7","author":"KM Cavuoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247392.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000578","article-title":"Diversity of Ocular Surface Bacterial Microbiome Adherent to Worn Contact Lenses and Bacterial Communities Associated With Care Solution Use.","volume":"45","author":"MA Retuerto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02764295","article-title":"Metabolic analysis of reepithelializing rabbit cornea using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"228","author":"K Hayashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247392.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680601126066","article-title":"Postnatal biochemical changes in rat lens: an important factor in cataract models","volume":"32","author":"M Fris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0247392.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.085464.108","article-title":"Microbial community profiling for human microbiome projects: Tools, techniques, and challenges","volume":"19","author":"M Hamady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0247392.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0223859","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223859","article-title":"Evaluation of the bacterial ocular surface microbiome in clinically normal cats before and after treatment with topical erythromycin.","volume":"14","author":"JE Darden","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247392.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12599","article-title":"Initial description of the core ocular surface microbiome in dogs: Bacterial community diversity and composition in a defined canine population.","volume":"22","author":"ML Leis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0247392.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0214877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214877","article-title":"Evaluation of the bacterial ocular surface microbiome in clinically normal horses before and after treatment with topical neomycin-polymyxin-bacitracin.","volume":"14","author":"EM Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0247392.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13625","article-title":"Eye of the Finch: characterization of the ocular microbiome of house finches in relation to mycoplasmal conjunctivitis","volume":"19","author":"CA Thomason","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0247392.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10189","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10189","article-title":"Variation in koala microbiomes within and between individuals: effect of body region and captivity status.","volume":"5","author":"N Alfano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientific reports."},{"key":"pone.0247392.ref039","article-title":"Post-antibiotic Ocular Surface Microbiome in Children: A Cluster-Randomized Trial","author":"T Doan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247392.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.2.18","article-title":"The Microbiome of the Meibum and Ocular Surface in Healthy Subjects","volume":"61","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247392.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000559","article-title":"Role of the ocular surface microbiome in allergic disease","volume":"19","author":"KM Cavuoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247392.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370218813616","article-title":"The microbiome and ophthalmic disease","volume":"244","author":"AD Baim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247392.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005870317757","article-title":"Streptococcus suis: past and present","volume":"21","author":"JJ Staats","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252312000102","article-title":"The microbiome of the soft palate of swine.","volume":"13","author":"S Kernaghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0247392.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2012.12.001","article-title":"Rothia prosthetic knee joint infection","volume":"48","author":"MN Trivedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247392.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12152","article-title":"Anti-biofilm and antibacterial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles against the oral opportunistic pathogens Rothia dentocariosa and Rothia mucilaginosa","volume":"122","author":"ST Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247392.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064285","article-title":"Mechanistic model of Rothia mucilaginosa adaptation toward persistence in the CF lung, based on a genome reconstructed from metagenomic data.","volume":"8","author":"YW Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"pone.0247392.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02829-0","article-title":"Sphingomonas yabuuchiae sp. nov. and Brevundimonas nasdae sp. nov., isolated from the Russian space laboratory Mir","volume":"54","author":"Y Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"pone.0247392.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.016832-0","article-title":"Brevundimonas halotolerans sp. nov., Brevundimonas poindexterae sp. nov. and Brevundimonas staleyi sp. nov., prosthecate bacteria from aquatic habitats","volume":"60","author":"WR Abraham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247392.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-012-0274-1","article-title":"Spectrum of Brevundimonas vesicularis infections in neonatal period: a case series at a tertiary referral center.","volume":"40","author":"N Karadag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1419116","article-title":"Brevundimonas spp: Emerging global opportunistic pathogens.","volume":"9","author":"MP Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e31821c04f7","article-title":"Brevundimonas diminuta keratitis.","volume":"38","author":"RT Pandit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2012.744395","article-title":"Coaggregation occurs amongst bacteria within and between biofilms in domestic showerheads.","volume":"29","author":"J Vornhagen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofouling."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"pone.0247392.ref054","first-page":"257","article-title":"Paracoccus halophilus sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment of the South China Sea, China, and emended description of genus Paracoccus Davis 1969","volume":"58","author":"ZP Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0247392.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02553","article-title":"Genome Structure of the Opportunistic Pathogen Paracoccus yeei (Alphaproteobacteria) and Identification of Putative Virulence Factors.","volume":"9","author":"R Lasek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247392.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e31829e8fc7","article-title":"Paracoccus yeei keratitis in a contact lens wearer.","volume":"40","author":"JC Courjaret","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01798-09","article-title":"Corneal graft rejection complicated by Paracoccus yeei infection in a patient who had undergone a penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"48","author":"MJ Kanis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"pone.0247392.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S132","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqz125.010","article-title":"Paracoccus yeei, a Rare Cause of Ocular Infection","volume":"152","author":"M Masood Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247392.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.12.037","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the cornea","volume":"37","author":"DW DelMonte","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247392.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68952-w","article-title":"The closed eye harbours a unique microbiome in dry eye disease.","volume":"10","author":"KA Willis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0247392.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5616","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0588","article-title":"Ocular pathogen or commensal: a PCR-based study of surface bacterial flora in normal and dry eyes","volume":"48","author":"JE Graham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0247392.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.10.014","article-title":"Ethylene oxide sterilization of medical devices: a review.","volume":"35","author":"GC Mendes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0247392.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.9.14950","article-title":"The bacterial contamination rate of glucose meter test strips in the hospital setting.","volume":"37","author":"KA Al-Rubeaan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247392.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.2.940-946.2006","article-title":"Activation of toll-like receptor 9 by DNA from different bacterial species","volume":"74","author":"A Dalpke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0247392.ref065","first-page":"4695","article-title":"Characterization of the ocular microbiome\u2014the importance of contaminant filtration when interpreting 16S rRNA gene sequencing outcome","volume":"60","author":"J Andersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0247392.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00293","article-title":"Efficacy of the porcine species in biomedical research","volume":"6","author":"K Gutierrez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Genet"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247392","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T15:13:33Z","timestamp":1697901213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247392"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Staley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247392","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]}}}