{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:45:46Z","timestamp":1778949946827,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["D43 TW010060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW010060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Gender disparities exist in the scale-up and uptake of HIV services with men being disproportionately under-represented in the services. In Eastern and Southern Africa, of the people living with HIV infection, more adult women than men were on treatment highlighting the disparities in HIV services. Delayed initiation of antiretroviral treatment creates a missed opportunity to prevent transmission of HIV while increasing HIV and AIDS-associated morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this study was to assess the strategies that men prefer for Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) initiation in Blantyre, Malawi.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This was a qualitative study conducted in 7 Health facilities in Blantyre from January to July 2017. We selected participants following purposive sampling. We conducted 20 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with men of different HIV statuses, 17 interviews with health care workers (HCWs), and 14 focus group discussions (FGDs) among men of varying HIV statuses. We digitally recorded all the data, transcribed verbatim, managed using NVivo, and analysed it thematically.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Restructuring the delivery of antiretroviral (ARVs) treatment and conduct of ART clinics is key to optimizing early initiation of treatment among heterosexual men in Blantyre. The areas requiring restructuring included: Clinic days by offering ARVs daily; Clinic hours to accommodate schedules of men; Clinic layout and flow that preserves privacy and establishment of male-specific clinics; ARV dispensing procedures where clients receive more pills to last them longer than 3 months. Additionally there is need to improve the packaging of ARVs, invent ARVs with less dosing frequency, and dispense ARVs from the main pharmacy. It was further suggested that the test-and-treat strategy be implemented with fidelity and revising the content in counseling sessions with an emphasis on the benefits of ARVs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The success in ART initiation among men will require a restructuring of the current ART services to make them accessible and available for men to initiate treatment. The inclusion of people-centered approaches will ensure that individual preferences are incorporated into the initiation of ARVs. The type, frequency, distribution, and packaging of ARVs should be aligned with other medicines readily available within a health facility to minimize stigma.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T18:29:00Z","timestamp":1614018540000},"page":"e0247409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["\u201cDispense antiretrovirals daily!\u201d restructuring the delivery of HIV services to optimize antiretroviral initiation among men in Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3572-3810","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alinane Linda","family":"Nyondo-Mipando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leticia Suwedi","family":"Kapesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangwani","family":"Salimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thokozani","family":"Kazuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Mwapasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"46","key":"pone.0247409.ref001","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Lower Levels of Antiretroviral Therapy Enrollment Among Men with HIV Compared with Women","volume":"64","author":"A Auld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247409.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.159723","article-title":"Rethinking Gender, Heterosexual Men, and Women \u2018 s Vulnerability to HIV \/ AIDS","volume":"100","author":"JA Higgins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247409.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001167","article-title":"Engaging Men in Prevention and Care for HIV \/ AIDS in Africa","volume":"9","author":"EJ Mills","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pone.0247409.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7660.2003.00330.x","article-title":"Racial Metaphors: Interpreting Sex and AIDS in Africa","volume":"34","author":"E Stillwaggon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Change"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0247409.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.032","article-title":"Social Science & Medicine \u2018 You are not yourself \u2018: Exploring masculinities among heterosexual African men living with HIV in London q","volume":"68","author":"L Doyal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0247409.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507198","article-title":"A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa","volume":"373","author":"TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 Study Group","year":"2015","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247409.ref007","first-page":"493","article-title":"Hosseinipour, MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. for the H 052 ST","volume":"365","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"NIH Public Access"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0247409.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506816","article-title":"\u4e73\u9f20\u5fc3\u808c\u63d0\u53d6 HHS Public Access","volume":"373","author":"The INSIGHT START Study Group","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0247409.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gender distribution of adult patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Southern Africa: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"AS Muula","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0247409.ref010","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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