{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:45:33Z","timestamp":1777441533603,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nippon Soda"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aquatic organisms have been used to investigate the safety of chemicals worldwide. One such assessment is an algal growth inhibition test. Algal growth inhibition tests are commonly performed using a growth chamber with fluorescent lamps as the lighting source, as test guidelines require continuous uniform fluorescent illumination. However, fluorescent lamps contain mercury, which has been identified as hazardous to humans and other organisms. The Minamata Convention (adopted in 2013) requires reduction or prohibition of products containing mercury. On the other hand, light-emitting diodes do not contain mercury and provide a photosynthetically effective wavelength range of 400\u2013700 nm which is an adequate light intensity for algal growth. Light-emitting diodes are thus preferable to fluorescent lamps as a potential light source in algal growth inhibition tests. In this study, we investigated if light-emitting diodes could be substituted for fluorescent lamps in growth inhibition studies with green alga (<jats:italic>Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata<\/jats:italic>), diatom (<jats:italic>Navicula pelliculosa<\/jats:italic>), and cyanobacteria (<jats:italic>Anabaena flos-aquae<\/jats:italic>). Algal growth inhibition tests were performed using five different chemicals known to have different modes of action and are assigned as reference substances in the test guidelines. The results of each algal test showed similar values between light-emitting diodes and fluorescent lamps in terms of conditions for the growth inhibition rate and percent inhibition in yield of each chemical. It was therefore concluded that using light-emitting diodes instead of fluorescent lamps as a lighting source had no effect on the algal growth inhibition test results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T20:02:11Z","timestamp":1613764931000},"page":"e0247426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effect of using light emitting diodes and fluorescent lamps as different light sources in growth inhibition tests of green alga, diatom, and cyanobacteria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2539-7625","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Akira","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miyuki","family":"Imamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazune","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeru","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0247426.ref001","first-page":"62","article-title":"Light emitting diodes reliability review","volume":"52","author":"MH Chang","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0247426.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/69\/12\/R01","article-title":"Solid-state lighting\u2013a benevolent technology","volume":"69","author":"EF Schubert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reports on Progress in Physics"},{"key":"pone.0247426.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1109\/JDT.2007.895339","article-title":"Status and future of high-power light-emitting diodes for solid-state lighting","volume":"3","author":"MR Krames","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Display Technology"},{"key":"pone.0247426.ref004","first-page":"96","article-title":"A comparative life cycle assessment of luminaires for general lighting for office\u2013compact fluorescent (CFL) vs Light Emitting Diode (LED)\u2013a case study","volume":"83","author":"P Principi","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0247426.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.117","article-title":"LEDs for energy efficient greenhouse lighting","volume":"49","author":"D Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0247426.ref006","volume-title":"Alga, Growth inhibition test. OECD guideline for testing of chemicals","author":"OECD","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0247426.ref007","volume-title":"Environmental Protection Agency Series 850 \u2013Ecological Effects Test Guidelines, OCSPP Number 850. 4500: Algal Toxicity","author":"U.S. The"},{"key":"pone.0247426.ref008","volume-title":"Environmental Protection Agency Series 850 \u2013Ecological Effects Test Guidelines, OCSPP Number 850.4550: Algal Toxicity","author":"U.S. The"},{"key":"pone.0247426.ref009","volume-title":"Japanese Chemical Substances Control Act (JCSCA), Methods of Testing New Chemical Substances (Japan), IV. 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