{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:15:23Z","timestamp":1787786123176,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010291","name":"United States Equestrian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010291","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006928","name":"The Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is used in equine practice to treat hypomagnesemia, dysrhythmias, neurological disorders, and calcium dysregulation. MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    is also used as a calming agent in equestrian events. Hypercalcemia affects calcium-regulating hormones, as well as plasma and urinary electrolytes; however, the effect of hypermagnesemia on these variables is unknown. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of hypermagnesemia on blood parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), ionized calcium (Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), ionized magnesium (Mg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), sodium (Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), potassium (K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), chloride (Cl\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and their urinary fractional excretion (F) after intravenous administration of MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    in healthy horses. Twelve healthy female horses of 4\u201318 years of age and 432\u2013600 kg of body weight received a single intravenous dose of MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    (60 mg\/kg) over 5 minutes, and blood and urine samples were collected at different time points over 360 minutes. Plasma Mg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentrations increased 3.7-fold over baseline values at 5 minutes and remained elevated for 120 minutes (P &lt; 0.05), Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentrations decreased from 30\u201360 minutes (P &lt; 0.05), but Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Cl\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentrations did not change. Serum PTH concentrations dropped initially to rebound and remain elevated from 30 to 60 minutes, while CT concentrations increased at 5 minutes to return to baseline by 10 minutes (P &lt; 0.05). The FMg, FCa, FNa, FK, and FCl increased, while urine osmolality decreased from 30\u201360 minutes compared baseline (P &lt; 0.05). Short-term experimental hypermagnesemia alters calcium-regulating hormones (PTH, CT), reduces plasma Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentrations, and increases the urinary excretion of Mg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Cl\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    in healthy horses. This information has clinical implications for the short-term effects of hypermagnesemia on calcium-regulation, electrolytes, and neuromuscular activity, in particular with increasing use of Mg salts to treat horses with various acute and chronic conditions as well as a calming agent in equestrian events.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T13:23:13Z","timestamp":1624886593000},"page":"e0247542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on serum calcium-regulating hormones and plasma and urinary electrolytes in healthy horses"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Kamr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2143-0416","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Lakritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa A.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia L.","family":"Bertone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9063-540X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ramiro E.","family":"Toribio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0247542.ref001","first-page":"1052","volume-title":"Magnesium and Disease.","author":"RE Toribio","year":"2018","edition":"4"},{"key":"pone.0247542.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00414","article-title":"Radio-Telemetric Assessment of Cardiac Variables and Locomotion With Experimentally Induced Hypermagnesemia in Horses Using Chronically Implanted Catheters.","volume":"6","author":"SA Schumacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247542.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12883","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of magnesium and its effects on clinical variables following experimentally induced hypermagnesemia","volume":"43","author":"SA Schumacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247542.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.5.543","article-title":"Effects of hypercalcemia on serum concentrations of magnesium, potassium, and phosphate and urinary excretion of electrolytes in horses","volume":"68","author":"RE Toribio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247542.ref005","first-page":"47","article-title":"Magnesium metabolism and its disorders","volume":"24","author":"R. 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