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Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency of co-infections with or co-seropositivities for certain pathogens in dogs seropositive for <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic> and their relationship with clinical signs, histological changes and <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic> load. Sixty-six <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic>-seropositive dogs were submitted to clinical examination, collection of blood and bone marrow, culling, and necropsy. Antibodies against <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> sensu lato, <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic> antigens were investigated in serum. Samples from different tissues were submitted to histopathology and immunohistochemistry for the detection of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic> load in spleen samples. For detection of <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>, conventional PCR and nested PCR were performed using bone marrow samples. All 66 dogs tested positive for <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic> by qPCR and\/or culture. Fifty dogs (76%) were co-seropositive for at least one pathogen: <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> (59%), <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic> spp., (41%), and <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> spp. (18%). Clinical signs were observed in 15 (94%) dogs monoinfected with <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic> and in 45 (90%) dogs co-seropositive for certain pathogens. The <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic> load in spleen and skin did not differ significantly between monoinfected and co-seropositive dogs. The number of inflammatory cells was higher in the spleen, lung and mammary gland of co-seropositive dogs and in the mitral valve of monoinfected dogs. These results suggest that dogs infected with <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic> and co-seropositive for certain pathogens are common in the region studied. However, co-seropositivities for certain pathogens did not aggravate clinical signs or <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic> load, although they were associated with a more intense inflammatory reaction in some organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T18:44:20Z","timestamp":1615488260000},"page":"e0247560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Frequency of co-seropositivities for certain pathogens and their relationship with clinical and histopathological changes and parasite load in dogs infected with Leishmania infantum"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Val\u00e9ria da Costa","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur Augusto Velho Mendes","family":"Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Claudio","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana Machado Quinates","family":"Calvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanna Araujo","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiano Borges","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique Paiva","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco das Chagas de Carvalho","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel de Vasconcellos Carvalhaes","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elba Regina Sampaio","family":"de Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Rozental","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael Gomes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Regina Reis","family":"Amendoeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayane","family":"Teles-de-Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela Vieira","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Nazar\u00e9","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana de Freitas Campos","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-3449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodrigo Caldas","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0247560.ref001","unstructured":"Brasil. 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