{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:17:53Z","timestamp":1790198273606,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000160","name":"Division of Earth Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1650745"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1650745"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Bologna"},{"name":"University of Missouri, Faculty Research Leave"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid warming and sea-level rise are predicted to be major driving forces in shaping coastal ecosystems and their services in the next century. Though forecasts of the multiple and complex effects of temperature and sea-level rise on ecological interactions suggest negative impacts on parasite diversity, the effect of long term climate change on parasite dynamics is complex and unresolved. Digenean trematodes are complex life cycle parasites that can induce characteristic traces on their bivalve hosts and hold potential to infer parasite host-dynamics through time and space. Previous work has demonstrated a consistent association between sea level rise and increasing prevalence of trematode traces, but a number of fundamental questions remain unanswered about this paleoecological proxy. Here we examine the relationships of host size, shape, and functional morphology with parasite prevalence and abundance, how parasites are distributed across hosts, and how all of these relationships vary through time, using the bivalve<jats:italic>Chamelea gallina<\/jats:italic>from a Holocene shallow marine succession in the Po coastal plain. Trematode prevalence increased and decreased in association with the transition from a wave-influenced estuarine system to a wave-dominated deltaic setting. Prevalence and abundance of trematode pits are associated with large host body size, reflecting ontogenetic accumulation of parasites, but temporal trends in median host size do not explain prevalence trends. Ongoing work will test the roles of temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability on trematode parasitism. Parasitized bivalves in one sample were shallower burrowers than their non-parasitized counterparts, suggesting that hosts of trematodes can be more susceptible to their predators, though the effect is ephemeral. Like in living parasite-host systems, trematode-induced malformations are strongly aggregated among hosts, wherein most host individuals harbor very few parasites while a few hosts have many. We interpret trace aggregation to support the assumption that traces are a reliable proxy for trematode parasitism in the fossil record.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T18:17:34Z","timestamp":1617301054000},"page":"e0247790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Parasitism and host behavior in the context of a changing environment: The Holocene record of the commercially important bivalve Chamelea gallina, northern Italy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9955-8853","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John Warren","family":"Huntley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Scarponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0247790.ref001","volume-title":"IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate","author":"NL Bindoff","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00871.x","article-title":"The impacts of climate change in costal marine systems","volume":"9","author":"CDG Harley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1890\/070219","article-title":"Forecasting the effects of accelerated sea-level rise on tidal marsh ecosystem services","volume":"7","author":"C Craft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08742","article-title":"Parasites and global warming: Net effects of temperature on an intertidal host-parasite system","volume":"415","author":"A Studer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2010.02547.x","article-title":"High temperature enhances host pathology in a snail-trematode system: Possible consequences of climate change for the emergence of disease","volume":"56","author":"SH Paull","year":"2011","journal-title":"Freshwater Biology"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-017-1634-7","article-title":"Historical ecology of a biological invasion: The interplay of eutrophication and pollution determines time lags in establishment and detection","volume":"20","author":"PG Albano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biological Invasions"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200695","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.0695","article-title":"Ecological regime shift preserved in the Anthropocene stratigraphic record","volume":"287","author":"A Toma\u0161ov\u00fdch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref008","article-title":"The distribution and abundance of parasites in aquatic ecosystems in a changing climate: More than just temperature","author":"DJ Marcogliese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Integrative and Comparative Biology"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1602422","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1602422","article-title":"Parasite biodiversity faces extinction and redistribution in a changing climate","volume":"3","author":"CJ Carlson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239401","article-title":"Climate change and infectious diseases: From evidence to a predictive framework","volume":"341","author":"S Altizer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160535","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160535","article-title":"Parasite vulnerability to climate change: An evidence-based functional trait approach","volume":"4","author":"CA Cizauskas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.03.007","article-title":"Parasite zoonoses and climate change: Molecular tools for tracking shifting boundaries","volume":"25","author":"L Polley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pone.0247790.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1192","article-title":"Parasitism in early life: Environmental conditions shape within-brood variation in responses to infection","volume":"4","author":"HMV Granroth-Wilding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. 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