{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T16:19:49Z","timestamp":1791735589297,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hatch grant","award":["2017-05035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-05035"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA","award":["58-6040-8-034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-6040-8-034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is a zoonotic pathogen that persists in poultry. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> vaccines that can be delivered <jats:italic>in-ovo<\/jats:italic> can be cost-effective and can decrease <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> load in poultry. This study evaluates the efficacy of a <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> chitosan-nanoparticle (CNP) vaccine, administered <jats:italic>in-ovo<\/jats:italic>, in broilers. CNP vaccine was synthesized with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Enteritidis (SE) outer-membrane-proteins (OMPs) and flagellin proteins. At embryonic-d18, one-hundred-thirty-six eggs were injected with 200\u03bcl PBS or 1000\u03bcg CNP into the amniotic cavity. At d1-of-age, 132 chicks were allocated in 6 pens\/treatment with 11 chicks\/pen. At d7, birds were orally challenged with 1\u00d710<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> CFU\/bird SE. At d1, 8h-post-challenge, d14, and d21, serum anti-SE-OMPs IgY were analyzed. At d14 and d21, cloacal swabs and bile anti-SE-OMPs IgA, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-T-cell ratios, and ceca SE loads were analyzed. At d21, cecal tonsil IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, and iNOS mRNA were analyzed. Body-weight-gain (BWG) and feed-conversion-ratio (FCR) were recorded weekly. Data were analyzed by Student\u2019s t-test at P&lt;0.05. There were no significant differences in BWG or FCR between vaccinated birds compared to control. At d1, CNP-vaccinated birds had 5.62% greater levels (P&lt;0.05) of anti-SE-OMPs IgY, compared to control. At 8h-post-challenge, CNP-vaccinated birds had 6.39% greater levels (P&lt;0.05) of anti-SE-OMPs IgY, compared to control. At 2wk-post-challenge, CNP-vaccinated birds had 7.34% lower levels (P&lt;0.05) of anti-SE-OMPs IgY, compared to control. At 1wk-post-challenge, CNP-vaccinated birds had 15.30% greater levels (P&lt;0.05) of bile anti-SE-OMPs IgA, compared to control. At d14 and d21, CNP-vaccinated birds had 0.62 and 0.85 Log10 CFU\/g, decreased SE ceca load (P&lt;0.05), respectively, compared to control. There were no significant differences in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-T-cell ratios between vaccinated birds compared to control. There were no significant differences in IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, iNOS mRNA between vaccinated birds compared to control. Findings demonstrate that the <jats:italic>in-ovo<\/jats:italic> administration of CNP vaccine can induce an antigen-specific immune response against SE and can decrease SE cecal load in broilers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T17:32:13Z","timestamp":1617730333000},"page":"e0247938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Efficacy of a nanoparticle vaccine administered in-ovo against Salmonella in 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