{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T02:57:46Z","timestamp":1793933866164,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The ministry of education of the republic of Korea","award":["NRF-2018S1A3A2074904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018S1A3A2074904"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose significant challenges to nations. The Korean government aimed to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 through stay-at-home strategies and maintaining social distance, which are likely to result in major changes in the lifestyle, mental health, and quality of life of citizens. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these factors in Koreans over 20 years old.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study sample consisted of 104 adults in South Korea aged over 20 years. An online survey was conducted between August and October 2020, in which participants were asked to complete the Yonsei Lifestyle Profile to assess lifestyle changes, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale abbreviated version. To investigate the changes in people\u2019s lifestyles, depression, and quality of life post COVID-19, descriptive statistics were calculated for these indicators before and after the onset of the pandemic. The p-value was two-sided, and values &lt;0.05, were regarded as statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a significant decline in physical and other meaningful activities, including activities of daily living, leisure, social activity, and education. However, there were no significant changes in nutrition, except in the consumption of carbohydrates and minerals. Participants reported that their quality of life and mental health had decreased after the pandemic struck.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We obtained novel data on the changes in the lifestyle, mental health, and quality of life of South Korean adults before and after the onset of the pandemic. The results of our study may assist health policymakers and practitioners in the development of health education or relevant interventions to deal with the pandemic situation as well as future crises.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T18:28:50Z","timestamp":1614364130000},"page":"e0247970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lifestyle, mental health, and quality of life of adults in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kang-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ah-Ram","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Ah","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Ju","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1041-2266","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ji-Hyuk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0247970.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO director-general\u2019s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID19. [Internet] [cited 2020 March 11]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0247970.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2003717","article-title":"Detection of COVID-19 in children in early January 2020 in Wuhan, China","volume":"382","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247970.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.005","article-title":"Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: A comparison with young and middle-aged patients","volume":"80","author":"K Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"pone.0247970.ref004","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 72 [Internet]. [cited 2020 April 1]. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/331685."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0247970.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0236857","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236857","article-title":"Feasibility study of mitigation and suppression strategies for controlling COVID19 outbreaks in London and Wuhan","volume":"15","author":"P Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247970.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taaa038","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa038","article-title":"High population densities catalyse the spread of COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"J Rockl\u00f6v","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"pone.0247970.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.076","article-title":"Spatial epidemic dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China","volume":"94","author":"D Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0247970.ref008","unstructured":"Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasure Headquarters. Basic guidelines for distancing in daily life. [cited 2020 May 3]. https:\/\/ncov.mohw.go.kr\/en\/guidelineView.do?brdId=18&brdGubun=181&dataGubun=&ncvContSeq=2763&contSeq=2763&board_id=&gubun=."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247970.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020922269","article-title":"Social isolation in Covid-19: The impact of loneliness","volume":"66","author":"D Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0247970.ref010","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and initial validation","author":"DK Ahorsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247970.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13177","article-title":"Lifestyle behaviours during the COVID\u201019\u2013time to connect","volume":"141","author":"V Balanz\u00e1\u2013Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247970.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.31888\/JKGS.2020.40.3.531","article-title":"A policy proposal for improving the quality of life for the middle-aged people: Focusing on lifestyle","volume":"40","author":"M Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korea Gerontol Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247970.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.14519\/kjot.2019.27.3.08","article-title":"Pilot research for development of multi-faceted lifestyle profile components affecting health and quality of life: Delphi survey","volume":"27","author":"K Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Occup Ther"},{"key":"pone.0247970.ref014","volume-title":"Healthy living: What is a healthy lifestyle?","year":"1999"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0247970.ref015","first-page":"377","article-title":"Analysis of convergent influence of functional level, environmental factors and lifestyle on health and quality of life among elderly using structural equation model","volume":"10","author":"K Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Korea Convergence Society"},{"key":"pone.0247970.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.03.002","article-title":"Lifestyle risk factors, obesity and infectious disease mortality in the general population: Linkage study of 97,844 adults from England and Scotland","volume":"123","author":"M Hamer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0247970.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.04.013","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents\u2019 lifestyle behavior larger than expected","volume":"63","author":"M Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247970.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.03.009","article-title":"Physical exercise as therapy to fight against the mental and physical consequences of COVID-19 quarantine: Special focus in older people","volume":"63","author":"D Jim\u00e9nez-Pav\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247970.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of an elderly lifestyle profile: A Delphi survey of multidisciplinary health-care experts","volume":"15","author":"KH Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0247970.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park K, Han D, Park J. The Yonsei Lifestyle Profile (YLP) for adults and the older adults: Development and test-retest reliability. Abstract presented at 2020 The Korean Gerontological Society Annual Conference. Seoul.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.050368"},{"key":"pone.0247970.ref021","volume-title":"ACSM\u2019s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2014","edition":"9"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247970.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764008100548","article-title":"Validation of the Armenian Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) among ethnic Armenians in Lebanon","volume":"55","author":"S Kazarian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247970.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0247970.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006667","article-title":"Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment","volume":"28","author":"Group WHOQOL","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247970.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1023\/B:QURE.0000018486.91360.00","article-title":"The World Health Organization\u2019s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group","volume":"13","author":"SM Skevington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0247970.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082324","article-title":"Dietary and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 and the subsequent lockdowns among polish adults: A cross-sectional online survey PLifeCOVID-19 study","volume":"12","author":"M G\u00f3rnicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0247970.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114356","article-title":"Physical activity levels and related energy expenditure during COVID-19 quarantine among the Sicilian active population: A cross-sectional online survey study","volume":"12","author":"V Giustino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247970.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061583","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey","volume":"12","author":"A Ammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0247970.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-00987-8","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: A national survey","volume":"17","author":"S Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0247970.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061549","article-title":"Metabolic impacts of confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic due to modified diet and physical activity habits","volume":"12","author":"M Martinez-Ferran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0247970.ref031","first-page":"829","article-title":"Obesity and physical activity. Psychiatr","volume":"34","author":"JM Jakicic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin N Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247970.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01626-9","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China","volume":"109","author":"B Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0247970.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Z Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0247970.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114065","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults","volume":"17","author":"R Stanton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0247970.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.00057","article-title":"Physical activity during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: Prevention of a decline in metabolic and immunological functions","volume":"2","author":"J Jakobsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Sport Act Living"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247970.ref036","first-page":"74","article-title":"Life balance and stress in adults with medical conditions or obesity","volume":"36","author":"K Matuska","year":"2016","journal-title":"OTJR (Thorofare N J)"},{"key":"pone.0247970.ref037","volume-title":"Life balance: Science and stories of everyday living","author":"K Matuska","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0247970.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6620","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06620","article-title":"Successful maintenance of body weight reduction after individualized dietary counseling in obese subjects","volume":"4","author":"M Stelmach-Mardas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0247970.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.10.019","article-title":"Positive mental health-related impacts of the SARS epidemic on the general public in Hong Kong and their associations with other negative impacts","volume":"53","author":"JT Lau","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0247970.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30108-5","article-title":"Delayed access or provision of care in Italy resulting from fear of COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"M Lazzerini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0247970.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4164","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114164","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 scale-associations of its scores with health literacy and health-related behaviors among medical students","volume":"17","author":"HT Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247970","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T04:58:58Z","timestamp":1671425938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247970"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Chung-Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247970","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]}}}