{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:30:13Z","timestamp":1790983813696,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sue Ryder Home leading by Pallmed Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assessment and a direct comparison of retinal vessel density with the thickness of inner retinal layer (IRL) and outer retinal layer (ORL) in the same regions of the macula in subjects with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from 48 eyes of healthy control (HC) participants, 71 eyes with POAG, and 49 eyes of AD patients. Ophthalmic examination included optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to measure IRL and ORL thickness and OCT angiography (OCTA) in the same region for the imaging of vessel density in the superficial vascular plexus (SVP) and deep vascular plexus (DVP) of the retina. A direct comparison of vessel density and retinal layers thickness, which different dynamic ranges, was obtained by normalizing values as percentage losses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with AD presented significantly greater losses of vascular density in the DVP and ORL thickness compared to POAG (p &lt;0.001), but percentage losses of vessel density in SVP and IRL thickness were considerable in POAG compared to AD eyes (p&lt;0.001). Positive associations among presence of AD were observed primarily in outer retina where a 1% decrease of ORL thickness was associated with about 24\u201329% increase in odds of the presence of AD. According to OCTA measurements, a 1% decrease of vessel density in DVP was positively associated with a 4\u20139% increase in odds of the presence of AD. In POAG positive associations among presence of disease were observed only in inner retina where 1% loss of IRL thickness and a 1% loss of vessel density in the SVP were positively associated with a 13\u201323% increase in risk of presence of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of ORL thickness and vessel density in DVP could potentially improve diagnostic capabilities and may provide a valuable approach for predicting of AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T13:23:43Z","timestamp":1616160223000},"page":"e0248284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Quantitative assessment of retinal thickness and vessel density using optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-9811","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Przemyslaw","family":"Zabel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub J.","family":"Kaluzny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Zabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Kaluzna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Lamkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Jaworski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Makowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Gebska-Toloczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kucharski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0248284.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69113-7","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"368","author":"K Blennow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0248284.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"CR Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia"},{"key":"pone.0248284.ref003","article-title":"Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease utilizing amyloid and tau as fluid biomarkers","volume":"51","author":"JC Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Experimental and Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0248284.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150238","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid and Neuroimaging Biomarkers: Diagnostic Accuracy and Relationship to Drug Efficacy","volume":"46","author":"TK Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"key":"pone.0248284.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.227","article-title":"The retina as a window to the brain\u2014From eye research to CNS disorders","volume":"9","author":"A London","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0248284.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608213150804","article-title":"Optic-Nerve Degeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"315","author":"DR Hinton","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0248284.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(96)00010-3","article-title":"Retinal pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. 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