{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:10:28Z","timestamp":1790647828091,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We studied the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing<jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>in dairy calves as part of a routine health check protocol. In addition, data regarding antimicrobial use (AMU), farm hygiene, and farm management were collected in order to identify possible risks for ESBL occurrence. Ten farms participated in the study with a median of 781 milking cows (319\u20131701). All calves investigated were younger than two weeks with an average age of 6.8 (\u00b13.9) days. The farms were visited and samples were collected twice at an interval of 7\u201311 months. Faecal samples diluted 1:10, were plated onto<jats:italic>Brilliance<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>ESBL agar in duplicates. After 24 hours at 37\u00b0C, colonies were counted and total colony forming units (cfu)\/ml calculated. Bacteria species were identified biochemically. ESBL-production was phenotypically confirmed using the MICRONAUT-S \u03b2-Lactamases system. Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using VITEK<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>2 technology. Phylotyping of<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>isolates and screening for<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>genes was performed by PCR. ESBL-producing enterobacteria were detected on all farms and 96.5% of calves investigated shed ESBL-positive bacteria. Of all ESBL-producing isolates, the majority were<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>(92.9%), followed by<jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>(5.1%) and<jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>(2.0%). The majority of<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>isolates was clearly assigned to phylogroup C (25.0%), followed by phylogroups A (15.2%) and E (14.1%). CTX-M group 1 was most frequently detected (80.4%).<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>cloacae<\/jats:italic>contained<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>and<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>or<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>.<jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>harboured<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>only. Besides resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins, the majority of isolates was also resistant to one or more antibiotic classes, with a high proportion being resistant against fluoroqinolones. 52.5% of isolates were further characterised as threefold multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria (3MDR-GNB) according to the German Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention. None of the isolates were 4MDR-GNB, i.e. none revealed carbapenem-resistance. Penicillins were the most frequently administered antibiotics to calves on most farms and were the predominant substance class at herd level on all farms. Overall, the number of calves treated prior to sampling was rather low (11.7%). Analyses of data regarding the farm management identified weaknesses in biosecurity and cleaning and disinfection. Besides beta-lactam antibiotics being the most commonly used antibiotics no other risk factors could be identified. In summary, the prevalence of ESBL-carriers in dairy calves was exceptionally high and should be motivation to develop strategies for the reduction of multidrug-resistant bacteria in farm animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T18:34:32Z","timestamp":1615574072000},"page":"e0248291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Multidrug-resistant enterobacteria in newborn dairy calves in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jil","family":"Waade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Seibt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walther","family":"Honscha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Rachidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Starke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Speck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1275-9586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Uwe","family":"Truyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0248291.ref001","first-page":"232","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance","author":"WHO","year":"2014"},{"issue":"8289","key":"pone.0248291.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91701-9","article-title":"Microbial resistance to antibiotics: an evolving and persistent problem","volume":"320","author":"SB Levy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0248291.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01851.x","article-title":"Animal reservoirs for extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers","volume":"14","author":"A. 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